Dr Stephen Samuel
MS, PhD
Reader in Mechanical Engineering
School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics

Teaching and supervision
Modules taught
- Automotive Engines for UG
- Racing Engine Design, Advanced Powertrain Engineering for MSc
Supervision
I have supervised three PhD students to completion. Currently supervising Three PhD students in the areas of Injection Systems for Euro 7 and Beyond, Combustion Control for Future Hybrid Powertrain systems and Nano-scale Particulate matter from Gassoline Direct Injection Engines.
Research
Application of thermodynamic principles is the subject of my interest since 1991. My current teaching and research interests are in field of the high performance engines, Hybrid Powertrains for automotive and motorsport applications and formation mechanism of combustion-generated pollutants, especially, nano-scale particulate matter from gasoline direct injection Engines.
We have done a pioneering work in the area of real-world emission levels and fuel economy of gasoline vehicle and real-world performance of catalytic converters. I have been blessed with highly motivated research students over the years. Our research team was one among the first to spearhead research with the support of BMW, Oxford, into linking the in-cylinder combustion with formation mechanism of nano-scale particulate matter from gasoline engine, identifying the influence of three-way catalytic converter on tail-pipe out nano-scale particulate matter and recently the influence of turbo-charger on nano-scale particulate matter.
We are always on the lookout for concepts and mathematical principles from other fields for analysing the data and optimizing the performance of the powertrain systems. Recently, we have demonstrated that Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) principles used in the field of supply chain management, especially, in Melon Picking , could be used for optimizing fuel injection in Gasoline Direct injection Engines. We applied and showed that Lambert W function could be used for modelling the influence of turbocharger on particulate matter distribution. We have applied Cepstrum for evaluating the performance of the injector rate tube successfully. Very recently, we showed that Mittag-Leffler function could be used for modelling in-cylinder combustion.
My current PhD students are working in the areas of combustion control for Future Hybrid Powertrain platforms, Injection systems for Euro 7 and beyond and Prediction of Nano-scale particulate matter from Gasoline direct injection engines. Our team uses experiments as well as numerical simulations for modelling, combustion and emissions and Hybrid Electric powertrain systems for automotive and motorsport applications. If any of these interests you, please do not hesitate to contact us and we are very happy to reply to your queries in relation to our exciting research work.
Research grants and awards
- Principle Investigator for TSB MiTRE (Micro-Turbine Range Extender) Project with Delta Motorsport
- Knowledge Base Supervisor for KTP project with YASA Motors
- Principle Investigator in Research and Consultancy project for evaluating Fuel economy of Hybrid fleets in London for Transport for London
Research impact
Please see the impact of my research work in the area of real-world fuel economy nd emission levels.
Groups
Publications
Journal articles
-
Samuel S, Gonzalez-Oropeza R, Cornejo EC, Hydrogen Fuel cell vehicle for Mexico City
SAE Technical Papers 2020 (2020) ISSN: 0148-7191 eISSN: 0096-5170 Hydrogen Fuel cell vehicle for Mexico City Open Access version on RADAR -
Bopaiah K, Samuel S, Strategy for Optimizing an F1 Car’s Performance based on FIA Regulations
SAE Technical Papers 2 (5) (2020) pp.2516-2530 ISSN: 0148-7191 Strategy for Optimizing an F1 Car’s Performance based on FIA Regulations Open Access version on RADAR -
Thomas Hogg,Stefan Stojanovic, Andrew Tebbs, Stephen Samuel and John Durodola, A Benchmark Study on the Flow Metering Systems for the Characterisation of Fuel Injectors for Future Heavy Duty Commercial Vehicles.
Measurement 153 (2019) ISSN: 0263-2241 A Benchmark Study on the Flow Metering Systems for the Characterisation of Fuel Injectors for Future Heavy Duty Commercial Vehicles. Open Access version on RADAR -
Santirso P, Samuel S, Implementation of EOQ and Lambert W function in 1-D Engine simulation model for optimizing fuel injection in GDI engine
Applied Mathematical Modelling 65 (2018) pp.271-302 ISSN: 0307-904X Implementation of EOQ and Lambert W function in 1-D Engine simulation model for optimizing fuel injection in GDI engine Open Access version on RADAR -
Pu Y, Keshava Reddy J, Samuel S, Machine learning for nano-scale particulate matter distribution from gasoline direct injection engine
Applied Thermal Engineering 125 (2017) pp.336-345 ISSN: 1359-4311 Machine learning for nano-scale particulate matter distribution from gasoline direct injection engine Open Access version on RADAR -
Stojanovic S, Tebbs A, Samuel S, Durodola J, Stephen S, Cepstrum Analysis of a Rate Tube Injection Measurement Device
SAE Technical Papers 2016 (2016) ISSN: 0148-7191 eISSN: 0096-5170 -
Bengolea F, Samuel S, Technology Choices for Optimizing the Performance of Racing Vehicles
SAE Technical Papers 2016 (2016) ISSN: 0148-7191 eISSN: 0096-5170 -
Ventura R, Samuel S, Optimization of fuel injection in GDI engine using economic order quantity and Lambert w function
Applied Thermal Engineering 101 (2016) pp.112-120 ISSN: 1359-4311 eISSN: 1873-5606 Optimization of fuel injection in GDI engine using economic order quantity and Lambert w function Open Access version on RADAR -
Cucchi M, Samuel S, Application of the Lambert W Function for the Impact of the Exhaust Gas Turbocharger on Nanoscale PM Emissions from a TGDI Engine
Applied Thermal Engineering 99 (2016) pp.433- ISSN: 1359-4311 -
Vila Millan M, Samuel S, Nanofluids and Thermal Management Strategy for Automotive Application
SAE Technical Papers 2015-01-1753 (2015) ISSN: 0148-7191 -
Elias G, Samuel S, Picarelli A, Performance of Ancillary Systems of 2014+ Le Mans LMP1-H Vehicles and Optimization
SAE Technical Papers 2015-01-1163 (2015) ISSN: 0148-7191 -
Cucchi M, Samuel S, Influence of the exhaust gas turbocharger on nano-scale particulate matter emissions from a GDI spark ignition engine
Applied Thermal Engineering 76 (2014) pp.167-174 ISSN: 1359-4311 Influence of the exhaust gas turbocharger on nano-scale particulate matter emissions from a GDI spark ignition engine Open Access version on RADAR -
Valsan Vineeth, Stephen Samuel, Modelling the capture of gasoline engine exhaust particulate matter in three-way catalytic converters
International Journal of Vehicle Systems Modelling and Testing 9 (2) (2014) ISSN: 1745-6436 -
Alvarez L, Samuel S, Fuel from waste tyres and particulate matter emitted from the process
International Journal of Sustainable Engineering 7 (4) (2014) pp.293-306 ISSN: 1939-7038 eISSN: 1939-7046 -
Whelan, I., Timoney, D., Smith, W., and Samuel, S., The Effect of a Three-Way Catalytic Converter on Particulate Matter from a Gasoline Direct-Injection Engine During Cold-Start
SAE International Journal of Engines (2013) ISSN: 1946-3944 -
Hassaneen A, Samuel S, Morrey D, Soot Formation Model Applied to Spark Ignition Engine
SAE Technical Papers (2012) ISSN: 0148-7191 -
Whelan I, Timoney D, Smith W, Samuel S, The effect of engine operating conditions on engine-out particulate matter from a gasoline direct-injection engine during cold-start
SAE 2012 International Powertrains, Fuels & Lubricants Meeting (2012) -
Hassaneen A, Samuel S, Whelan I, Combustion instabilities and nanoparticles emission fluctuations in gdi spark ignition engine
International Journal of Automotive Technology 12 (6) (2011) pp.787-794 ISSN: 1229-9138 -
Samuel S, Hassaneen A, Morrey D, Particulate Matter Emissions and the Role of Catalytic Converter During Cold Start of GDI Engine
SAE Technical Papers (2010) ISSN: 0148-7191 -
Whelan I, Samuel S, Timoney D, Hassaneen A, Characteristics of nano-scale particulates from turbo-intercooled gasoline direct-injection engine
SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants 3 (2) (2010) pp.839-848 ISSN: 1946-3952 eISSN: 1946-3960 -
Samuel S, Morrey D, Whelan I, Hassaneen A, Combustion Characteristics and Cycle-By-Cycle Variation in a Turbocharged-Intercooled Gasoline Direct-Injected Engine
SAE Technical Papers (2010) ISSN: 0148-7191 eISSN: 2688-3627 -
Whelan I, Samuel S, Hassaneen A, Investigation into the effect of fuel temperature on particulate matter formation in gasoline direct-injected engine
SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants 3 (2) (2010) pp.67-76 ISSN: 1946-3952 eISSN: 1946-3960 -
Whelan I, Samuel S, Hassaneen A, Investigation into the Role of Catalytic Converters on Tailpipe-out Nano-Scale Particulate Matter from Gasoline Direct Injection Engine
SAE Technical Papers (2010) ISSN: 0148-7191 -
Gonzalez-Oropeza R, Samuel S, Hassaneen A, Gonzalez-Gonzalez F, Garcia Puertos F, Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled by animal and vegetable derived bio-diesel and ultra low sulphur diesel in Mexico City
SAE Technical Papers (2010) ISSN: 0148-7191 -
Gonzalez-Oropeza R, Samuel S, Hassaneen A, Morrey D, Evaluation of Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emission Levels from a EURO-IV Vehicle for Real-world Driving in Mexico City
SAE Technical Papers (2009) ISSN: 0148-7191 eISSN: 2688-3627 -
Gonzalez R, Hill B, Hassaneen A, Samuel S, Morrey D, Gasoline Engine Particulate Emission and Exhaust Gas Speciation
SAE Technical Papers (2009) ISSN: 0148-7191 eISSN: 2688-3627 -
Hassaneen A, Morrey D, Gonzalez-Oropeza R, Samuel S, Influence of Physical and Chemical Parameters on Characteristics of Nano-scale Particulate in Spark Ignition Engine
SAE Technical Papers (2009) ISSN: 0148-7191 eISSN: 2688-3627 -
Adetunji H, Pinto L M M, Siddique A, Samuel S, Potential occupational health risk from exposure to nano-scale particles from photocopiers - a pilot study
Revue Internationale sur l'ingenierie des risques industriels 2 (1) (2009) pp.15-27 -
Samuel S, Hassaneen A, Morrey D, Gonzalez-Oropeza R, The effect of gasoline additives on combustion generated nano-scale particulates
SAE Technical Papers (2009) ISSN: 0148-7191 eISSN: 2688-3627 -
Sturgess J P, Hill B J, Samuel S, Experimental investigation into Particulate size and number distribution from a SI engine: in-cylinder combustion and transient events
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 222 (D6) (2008) pp.1065-1075 ISSN: 0954-4070 -
Samuel S, Morrey D, Taylor D, Fowkes M, Parametric Study into the Effects of Factors Affecting Real-World Vehicle Exhaust Emission Levels
SAE Technical Papers (2007) ISSN: 0148-7191 -
AL Zudi F, Samuel S, Morrey D, Sehati S, Woolcock C, The Effect of Tailpipe Orientation on Carbon Monoxide Dispersion Patterns and Cyclist Exposure Levels
SAE Technical Papers (2006) ISSN: 0148-7191 -
Samuel S, Morrey D, Garner CP, Taylor DHC, Fowkes M, Austin L, Deriving On-road Spatial Vehicle Emission Profiles From Chassis Dynamometer Experiments
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 220 (1) (2006) pp.77-87 ISSN: 0954-4070 eISSN: 2041-2991 -
Samuel S, Morrey D, Fowkes M, Taylor DHC, Austin L, Felstead T, Latham S, Real-world Fuel Economy and Emission Levels of a Typical Euro-iv Passenger Vehicle
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 219 (2005) pp.833-842 ISSN: 0954-4070 eISSN: 2041-2991 -
Samuel S, Morrey D, Fowkes M, Taylor DHC, Garner CP, Austin L, Real-world Performance of Catalytic Converters
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 219 (7) (2005) pp.881-888 ISSN: 0954-4070 eISSN: 2041-2991 -
Samuel S, Morrey D, Fowkes M, Taylor D, Numerical Investigation of Real-World Gasoline Car Drive-Cycle Fuel Economy and Emissions
SAE Technical Papers (2004) ISSN: 0148-7191 -
Sharma,DK, Stephen,S.,, Fringe scanning moire deflectometry for high sensitivity temperature mapping
Optics: International Journal for Light and Electron Optics (2000) ISSN: 0030-4026 -
Sharma D, Stephen S, Natarajan R, Structure of burning n-hexane droplet by Moiré deflectometry
Combustion Science and Technology 131 (1/6) (1998) pp.305-321 ISSN: 0010-2202
Conference papers
-
Bayram B, Samuel S, Evaluation of Thermal Performance of the MGU-K for 2026 F1 Power Unit Regulations
(2025) ISSN: 0148-7191 eISSN: 2688-3627 Evaluation of Thermal Performance of the MGU-K for 2026 F1 Power Unit Regulations Open Access version on RADAR -
Fuss N, Samuel S, Modelling and Simulation of a Formula 1 Power Unit for 2026 and Predicting Formaldehyde Levels
(2025) ISSN: 0148-7191 eISSN: 2688-3627 Modelling and Simulation of a Formula 1 Power Unit for 2026 and Predicting Formaldehyde Levels Open Access version on RADAR -
Javier Moreno Medina, Stephen Samuel, Modelling and Simulation of a Fuel Cell Powertrain for Extreme H Applications
(2025) pp.2025-01-8008- ISSN: 0148-7191 eISSN: 2688-3627 Modelling and Simulation of a Fuel Cell Powertrain for Extreme H Applications Open Access version on RADAR -
El Yacoubi I, Samuel S, Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition for Characterising Exhaust Nano-Scale Particle Emissions of a Turbocharged Gasoline Power Unit
(2023) Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition for Characterising Exhaust Nano-Scale Particle Emissions of a Turbocharged Gasoline Power Unit Open Access version on RADAR -
Borgia F, Samuel S, Design of Drive Cycle For Electric Powertrain Testing
(2023) eISSN: 2688-3627 ISBN: ISSN: 0148-7191 Design of Drive Cycle For Electric Powertrain Testing Open Access version on RADAR -
El Yacoubi I, Samuel S, Feature Extraction from a Crankshaft Instantaneous Speed Signal of an Automotive Power Unit using Cepstrum Analysis
(2023) ISSN: 2688-3627 ISBN: 0148-7191 Feature Extraction from a Crankshaft Instantaneous Speed Signal of an Automotive Power Unit using Cepstrum Analysis Open Access version on RADAR -
Reeves N, Samuel S, Numerical Simulation of Ethanol-based Fuels in an F1 Power Unit
(2023) ISSN: 2688-3627 Numerical Simulation of Ethanol-based Fuels in an F1 Power Unit Open Access version on RADAR -
Javed H, Samuel S, Energy Optimal Control for Formula One Race Car
(2022) ISSN: 0148-7191 eISSN: 2688-3627 Energy Optimal Control for Formula One Race Car Open Access version on RADAR -
El Yacoubi I, Samuel S, Frequency Coupling Analysis in Spark Ignition Engine Using Bispectral Method and Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition
(2022) Frequency Coupling Analysis in Spark Ignition Engine Using Bispectral Method and Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition Open Access version on RADAR -
Pardo Amaya DA, Samuel S, Assessment of the impact of vehicle emissions on air quality changes during COVID-19 lockdown in Bogota,Colombia.
(2022-01-0583) (2022) Assessment of the impact of vehicle emissions on air quality changes during COVID-19 lockdown in Bogota,Colombia. Open Access version on RADAR -
Mohammad Tahir Baig, Stephen Samuel, Numerical Simulation of Electric Powertrain for Examining Real-World Performance of EVs at Sub-Zero Temperatures
(2021) pp.2021-01-1245- ISSN: 0148-7191 Numerical Simulation of Electric Powertrain for Examining Real-World Performance of EVs at Sub-Zero Temperatures Open Access version on RADAR -
Elmagdoub A, Samuel S, A Case for Technology - Forcing Transformative Changes in the Formula 1 Power Unit
2021 (1) (2021) pp.0371- A Case for Technology - Forcing Transformative Changes in the Formula 1 Power Unit Open Access version on RADAR -
Bopaiah K, Samuel S
, Analysis of Energy Recovery System of Formula One Cars
2021 (1) (2021) pp.0368- Analysis of Energy Recovery System of Formula One Cars Open Access version on RADAR -
Tizon Otero V, Samuel S, Numerical Simulation of a 2018 F1 Car Cooling System for Silverstone Circuit
2018 (0169) (2018) Numerical Simulation of a 2018 F1 Car Cooling System for Silverstone Circuit Open Access version on RADAR -
Garcia Pimentel H, Samuel S, Route selection strategy for hybrid vehicles based on energy management and real time drive cycles
(2018) Route selection strategy for hybrid vehicles based on energy management and real time drive cycles Open Access version on RADAR -
Samuel S, Ricon J, Podlubny I, Modelling combustion in internal combustion engines using the Mittag-Leffler function
(2016) ISBN: 9788678928307 -
Lahuerta, J. and Samuel, S, Numerical Simulation of Warm-Up Characteristics and Thermal Management of a GDI Engine
(2013) -
Divakera, A. and Samuel, S, Numerical Simulation of Adaptive Combustion Control for Fuel-Neutral ‘Smart’ Engines
(2011) -
Samuel, S. and McCormick, G, Hydrogen Enriched Diesel Combustion
(2010) -
Whelan, I., Samuel, S., and Hassaneen, A, Investigation into the Role of Catalytic Converters on Tailpipe-out Nano-Scale Particulate Matter from Gasoline Direct Injection Engine
(2010) -
Moughal, K. and Samuel, S., Exhaust Emission Level Reduction in Two-Stroke Engine using In-Cylinder Combustion Control
(2007) -
Samuel S, Austin L, Morrey D, A Strategy for the Operation of a Vehicle in the Optimum Emission Zone
(2002) pp.94-97 ISSN: 0537-9989 ISBN: 0-85296-743-8 -
Lakshminarayanan, P., Stephen, S., Dani, A., Kale, K., Design and Development of a Torsional Vibration Rubber Damper
(1999)
Reviews
-
Samuel S, Austin L, Morrey D, review of Automotive Test Drive Cycles for Emission Measurement and Real-world Emission Levels - a Review
216 (2002) pp.555-564
Other publications
-
S Samuel, CO2 or a silent killer? - Invited Article,
(2012) -
Samuel S, Transient vehicle emission levels and fuel economy in real-world driving conditions,
(2004)
Further details
Other experience
- Research Associate, ISRO-IIT Madras Cell (1992-1996)
- Worked as Senior Engineer , Kirloskar Oil Engines (1996-1999)
- Engineering Member, TATA Autocomponents Ltd. ( 1999-2000)