Professor Paul Weindling
Wellcome Trust Research Professor in the History of Medicine
School of Education, Humanities and Languages
Role
Paul Weindling joined Oxford Brookes University in 1998 as Research Professor in the History of Medicine. From 1978 until 1998 he was at the Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine at the University of Oxford. Following graduation from the University of Oxford, he completed an MA and PhD at University College London.
He was from 1999-2004 a member of the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft President’s Committee for the History of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft under National Socialism, and was on the Advisory Boards of the AHRC project on German-Jewish refugees, and on the history of the Robert Koch-Institute. He is currently on the advisory board of the project of the German Society for Psychiatry project on psychiatrists in Nazi Germany, and a member of the project on the history of the German Foundation for Memory, Responsibility and the Future. He has advised the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Swiss Research Council, and other national funding agencies. He is a Trustee of the Council for Assisting Refugee Academics (CARA).
Teaching and supervision
Modules taught
Postgraduate: Special Subject for the MA in Health, Medicine and Society:
- Ethics & Ideas: From the Hippocratic Oath to Informed Consent
Research
History of eugenics; public health organizations; twentieth century disease patterns.
Professor Paul Weindling’s research covers evolution and society, public health, and human experimentation post-1800. He has especial interests in eugenics, human experiments, corporate philanthropies like the Rockefeller Foundation, and medical refugees. He has recently completed a biographical project on the remarkable life of psychiatrist John West Thompson.
Research in progress is as follows:
- Arising from research on Nazi medical war crimes and the origins of informed consent, he is trying to establish how many victims of Nazi human experiments there were, and who they were. The aim is to establish a comprehensive analysis for reference purposes.
- European Medical Refugees in Great Britain, 1930s to 50s. This research is based on a database of nearly 4800 medical refugees, as well as textual archives held in the Centre. The aim is to evaluate the place of the refugees in the overall context of the modernisation of British medicine. The records cover medical researchers, medical practitioners, dental surgeons, psychoanalysts, psychologists, nurses, and all other health-related occupations. Children are included who came as refugees to the UK.
- International Health in the Twentieth Century. This project examines the shift from international sanitary agreements to major organisations for international health. The Rockefeller Foundation played a key role in the interwar period, and raises controversies concerning imperialism and the social implications of professionalisation. A crucial issue is the extent that international organisations were expected to be subservient to governments or whether they could take autonomous initiatives.
- Eugenics as an International Movement. This study considers the origins of eugenics as an organised movement on an international basis. Particular attention is paid to the spread of eugenics societies and their membership, and to the support for eugenics of philanthropists and foundations.
Research grants and awards
Grants currently held
- Principal Investigator for Wellcome Trust Programme Grant (with Viviane Quirke and Marius Turda for research project: 'Subjects' Narratives of Medical Research in Europe, ca. 1940-2001'. Period of award 1 January 2012 - 31 December 2016.
Recent grants
- Principal Investigator (2009-14) for Wellcome Trust Strategic Award for research project: 'Health Care in Public and Private'. Period of award 1 October 2007 - 31 May 2014.
- Research grant from 'The Rabbi Israel Miller Fund for Shoah Research, Documentation and Education of the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, Inc' for a project: 'Victims of Nazi Medical Experiments'. Period of award 1 August 2011 - 31 March 2014.
- AHRC Research Grant (with Marius Turda) for a project: 'Human Experiments Under National Socialism: Victims, Perpetrators and Post-War Trials'. Period of award: 1 October 2007 - 30 June 2011.
- Wellcome Trust Pilot Project Grant for a study entitled: 'Refugee Nurses in Great Britain, 1933-1945'. Period of award 3 January 2010 - 31 December 2010.
Groups
Projects as Principal Investigator, or Lead Academic if project is led by another Institution
- Hirnforschung an Instituten der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft im Kontext nationalsozialistischer (01/07/2017 - 31/10/2024), funded by: Max Planck Institute, funding amount received by Brookes: £558,593
Publications
Journal articles
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Sims-Schouten W, Weindling P, '“All emigrants are up to the physical, mental, and moral standards required”: A tale of two child rescue schemes '
Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 58 (3) (2022) pp.302-318
ISSN: 0022-5061 eISSN: 1520-6696AbstractPublished here Open Access on RADARThe current paper critically assesses and reflects on the ideals and realities of two major (British) child migration schemes, namely the British Home Child scheme (1869–1930) and the Kindertransport scheme (1938–1940), to add to current understandings of their place within wider international histories of child migration, moral reforms, eugenics, settlement, and identity. Specifically, we focus on constructions of “mentally and physically deficient” children/young people, informed by eugenic viewpoints and biological determinism, and how this guided inclusion and exclusion decisions in both schemes. Both schemes made judgements regarding which children should be included/excluded in the schemes or returned to their country of origin (as was the case with children in the Canadian child migration scheme) fueled by a type of eugenics oriented to transplanting strong physical and psychologically resilient specimens. By viewing the realities of the child migration schemes, including the varied experiences and narratives in relation to child migrants, in light of eugenicist narratives of difference, pathology, victimhood, and contamination, we shed a light on uneven practices, formations of power, and expectations of the times.
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Weindling PJ, 'The Dangers of White Supremacy: Nazi Sterilisation and Its Mixed-Race Adolescent Victims
'
American Journal of Public Health 112 (2) (2022) pp.248-254
ISSN: 0090-0036 eISSN: 1541-0048AbstractPublished here Open Access on RADARMixed-race African German and Vietnamese German children were born around 1921, when troops drawn from the French colonial empire occupied the Rhineland. These children were forcibly sterilized in1937. Racial anthropologists had denounced them as “Rhineland Bastards,” collected details on them, and persuaded the Nazi public health authorities to sterilize 385 of them. One of the adolescents later gave public interviews about his experiences. Apart from Hans Hauck, very few are known by name, and little is known about how their sterilization affected their lives. None of the 385 received compensation from the German state, either as victims of coerced sterilization or as victims of Nazi medical research.The concerned human geneticists went unprosecuted.
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Weindling P, 'Historicising the Life and Death of Josef Mengele. Essay Review: David G. Marwell, Mengele. Unmasking the “Angel of Death” '
Contemporanea: XIXth and XXth Century History Review 24 (2) (2021) pp.359-368
ISSN: 1127-3070Published here -
Czech H, Weindling P, Druml C, 'From scientific exploitation to individual memorialization: Evolving attitudes towards research on Nazi victims’ bodies'
Bioethics 35 (6) (2021) pp.508-517
ISSN: 0269-9702 eISSN: 1467-8519AbstractPublished here Open Access on RADARDuring the Third Reich, state-sponsored violence was linked to scientific research on many levels. Prisoners were used as involuntary subjects for medical experiments, and body parts from victims were used in anatomy and neuropathology on a massive scale. In many cases, such specimens remained in scientific collections and were used until long after the war. International bioethics, for a long time, had little to say on the issue. Since the late 1980s, with a renewed interest in the Holocaust and other Nazi crimes, a consensus has increasingly taken hold that research on human tissues and body parts from the Nazi era is inadmissible, and that such specimens should be removed from scientific collections and buried. The question of what to do with scientific data obtained from these sources has not received adequate attention, however, and remains unsolved. This paper traces the history of debates about the ethical implications of using human tissue or body parts from the Nazi period for scientific purposes, primarily in the fields of anatomy and neuropathology. It also examines how this issue, from after the war until today, influenced the establishment of legal and bioethical norms on the use of human remains from morally tainted sources, with a particular emphasis on Germany and Austria. It is argued that the use of such specimens and of data derived from them is unethical not only because of potential harms to posthumous rights of the victims, but also because such use constitutes a moral harm to society at large.
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Weindling P, 'The Kindertransport from Vienna: the children who came and those left behind'
Jewish Historical Studies: A Journal of English-Speaking Jewry 51 (1) (2020) pp.16-32
eISSN: 2397-1290AbstractPublished here Open Access on RADARThe history of the Kindertransport has been centred on the children who came rather than on how children and their parents experienced the intense persecution in their countries of origin, and then how it came about that of the children registered only a small proportion were admitted to the UK. That focus on successful departures sidesteps the key issue of why many children could not come, the processes of selection, and how the Jewish welfare organizations under Nazi rule interacted with those in London. Although the papers of the Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden (Reich Board of Deputies of the German Jews) on the Kindertransport are deemed destroyed, there are extensive papers on sending unaccompanied children
from the Jugendfürsorge-Abteilung (Child Welfare Department) of the Israelitisches Kultusgemeinde (IKG, the Jewish Community) in Vienna. These papers provide details of children registered with the IKG, raising
questions as to how it came about that an unknown proportion of children registered with the IKG managed to arrive in the UK. As a memorandum noted, there were in pre-Anschluss Vienna 6,900 Jewish children up to 6
years old, 7,600 between 6 and 14 years, and 4,500 children between 14 and 16 years. -
Weindling PJ, 'Jewish Physicians in Vienna at the time of the Anschluss, and their Contributions to Health Care'
The Central European Journal of Medicine 130 (Suppl. 5) (2018) pp.307-310
ISSN: 0043-5325 eISSN: 1613-7671Published here Open Access on RADAR -
Weindling PJ, 'From the Nuremberg “Doctors Trial” to the “Nuremberg Code”'
The Central European Journal of Medicine 130 (Suppl 3) (2018)
ISSN: 0043-5325 eISSN: 1613-7671AbstractPublished here Open Access on RADARAt the close of the Nuremberg Medical Trial (NMT) on 19 August 1947, the judges pronounced guidelines on permissible clinical experiments. From around 1963 these guidelines were called the “Nuremberg Code”, thereby investing them with status as a fundamental document on research procedure. Their status as part of a judgement at an international court set a precedent in judging landmark cases of murderous and maiming conduct arising from coercive research. The aim of this paper is to correct some misconceptions concerning the origins and implications of these guidelines. The first misconception is that the Guidelines/Code arose solely from courtroom proceedings. This overlooks an agenda which had existed since the liberation of concentration camps to secure a set of regulations to protect research subjects. In short, the victim had agency by protesting against, resisting and sabotaging the coerced experiments, and when it came to being witnesses at the NMT, a reflective voice. Victims of research and liberated prisoner doctors made a profound impression on Allied scientific intelligence officers, who then laid the knowledge-base for the NMT. Secondly, although the judges stressed the autonomy of the research subject and the obligation to inform about potential risks, the key term “informed consent” did not appear in the guidelines of 1947. Thirdly, it is a misapprehension that the principles promulgated by the judges received neither publicity nor recognition. The case against the Vienna internist Wilhelm Beiglböck illustrates salient aspects.
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Weindling P, Villiez Av, Loewenau A, Farron N, 'The victims of unethical human experiments and coerced research under National Socialism'
Endeavour 40 (1) (2016) pp.1-6
ISSN: 0160-9327 eISSN: 0160-9327AbstractPublished here Open Access on RADARThere has been no full evaluation of the numbers of victims of Nazi research, who the victims were, and of the frequency and types of experiments and research. This paper gives the first results of a comprehensive evidence-based evaluation of the different categories of victims. Human experiments were more extensive than often assumed with a minimum of 15,754 documented victims. Experiments rapidly increased from 1942, reaching a high point in 1943. The experiments remained at a high level of intensity despite imminent German defeat in 945. There were more victims who survived than were killed as part of or as a result of the experiments, and the survivors often had severe injuries.
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Brody H, Leonard SE, Jing-Bao N, Weindling P, 'U.S. Responses to Japanese Wartime Inhuman Experimentation after World War II'
Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 23 (2) (2014) pp.220-230
ISSN: 0963-1801 eISSN: 1469-2147AbstractPublished hereIn 1945–46, representatives of the U.S. government made similar discoveries in both Germany and Japan, unearthing evidence of unethical experiments on human beings that could be viewed as war crimes. The outcomes in the two defeated nations, however, were strikingly different. In Germany, the United States, influenced by the Canadian physician John Thompson, played a key role in bringing Nazi physicians to trial and publicizing their misdeeds. In Japan, the United States played an equally key role in concealing information about the biological warfare experiments and in securing immunity from prosecution for the perpetrators. The greater force of appeals to national security and wartime exigency help to explain these different outcomes.
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Weindling P, 'From scientific object to commemorated victim: the children of the Spiegelgrund'
History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 35 (3) (2013) pp.415-430
ISSN: 0391-9714 eISSN: 1742-6316AbstractThe legacy of German medical research in the era of National Socialism remains contentious, as regards identification of victims, and the appropriate handling of scientific specimens. These questions are acutely posed by the scientific slides, brain sections, and other body parts of victims, who were killed for research. These slides continued to be held by Austrian and German scientific institutes in the second half of the twentieth century. That scientists continued research on these slides between 1945 and the late 1980s suggests a disassociation of guilt and responsibility for the deaths of the victims by the German scientific community.
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Weindling P, '"Cleansing" anatomical collections: the politics of removing specimens from German anatomical and medical collections, 1988-92'
Annals of Anatomy 194 (2012) pp.237-242
ISSN: 0940-9602 eISSN: 1618-0402AbstractPublished hereIn 1989-90 an intense debate erupted in the Federal Republic of Germany over the status of anatomical specimens from the period of National Socialism. Pressure was brought on the German universities and research institutes to remove body parts. The solution was deemed rapid burial of all specimens whose provenance was in doubt. A range of options was considered, and the eventual decision to bury cremated remains was deemed the best way to draw a line under an uncomfortable past of Nazi medical atrocities. The aim was to achieve closure on this issue by a rapid "cleansing" of collections. However, identification of victims was left unresolved amidst the heated debates at the time.
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Weindling P, 'Julian Huxley and the Continuity of Eugenics in Twentieth-century Britain'
Journal of Modern European History 10 (2012) pp.480-499
ISSN: 1611-8944 eISSN: 2631-9764AbstractThe science and ideas of Julian Sorrell Huxley represent not only considerable contributions to evolutionary theory but also to eugenic thought and social planning. Huxley’s career history as an international figure was complex. This paper sees Huxley’s peripatetic career as linked to ideological agendas of «a new world
order». The problems addressed here are, first, the extent of continuities in eugenic commitments from his interwar views and, second, to determine the contours of Huxley’s post-Second World War eugenic thinking. Huxley emerges as a crucial bridging figure from what has been referred to as «old eugenics» to a new eugenics based on molecular biology, providing an influential analysis of human evolution and a set of persuasively appealing concepts for both the wider public and scientific elite.
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Weindling P, 'Medizinische Gräueltaten in Mauthausen und Gusen : die Opfer erzwungener medizinischer Forschung im Nationalsozialismus'
KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen | Mauthausen Memorial Jahrbuch (2011) pp.41-54
ISSN: 1012-4535 -
Weindling P, '"Jeder Mensch hat einen Name": psychiatric victims of human experiments under national socialism'
Psychiatrie - Grundlagen und Perspektiven 7 (4) (2010) pp.255-260
ISSN: 1614-4864 -
Weindling P, 'Medical refugees and the modernisation of British medicine, 1930-1960'
Social History of Medicine 22 (3) (2009) pp.489-511
ISSN: 0951-631X eISSN: 1477-4666AbstractThis paper reappraises the position of medical refugees in Britain between the 1930s and 1950s. Advocates of reforming British medicine in terms of its knowledge base and social provision emerged as strongly supportive of the medical refugees. By way of contrast, an lite in the British Medical Association attempted to exercise a controlling regime through the Home Office Advisory Committee. The effects of these divisions are gauged by reconstructing the complete spectrum of refugees as a total population. Applying this methodology of population reconstruction provides a corrective to the notion of a cohesive"medical establishment" exercising rigid and discriminatory controls.Published here -
Weindling P, 'Medical refugees in Britain and the wider world, 1930-1960: introduction'
Social History of Medicine 22 (3) (2009) pp.451-459
ISSN: 0951-631X eISSN: 1477-4666AbstractThis collection of papers considers the experience of medical refugees in Britain and the wider world. The collection owes its inception to the significant role of refugees in the modernising of British medicine in terms of medical provision, and medical research. But it is clear that the refugee situation can only be understood in international terms. Displaced physicians looked-”with increasing desperation-”throughout the world for locations where their skills might be valued, or at least for a place of safety from worsening Nazi persecution. Britain had a key role, as registration of professional qualifications in Britain had implications for admission to practise in the various Dominions and colonies, and British policies were decisive for admission to its Palestine Mandate. While Britain was important as a place of safety and staging-post for onward migrants and temporary exiles, it became a new home for thousands of displaced medical practitioners. Vigorous scientific and humane support for medical refugees clashed with professional restrictionism and animosity against alien practitioners, as diluting an insular medical tradition. The refugee experience varied enormously, and it renders the situation complex and open to differing interpretations.Published here -
Weindling P, 'Alice Ricciardi-von Platen'
Guardian (2008)
ISSN: 0261-3077AbstractObituary: Our understanding of the horrors of Nazi medicine owes much to the courageous work of the German-born psychiatrist Alice Ricciardi-von Platen, who has died aged 97. Her book, The Killing of the Mentally Ill in Germany, published in 1948, was the first full account of the subject, describing how the fate of psychiatric patients in the Third Reich was bureaucratised murder, supervised by a medical profession that was largely "conservative, nationalistic and used to obeying".Published here -
Weindling P, '"For the Love of Christ": strategies of International Catholic Relief and the Allied Occupation of Germany, 1945-1948'
Journal of Contemporary History 43 (3) (2008) pp.477-492
ISSN: 0022-0094AbstractThe end of the second world war saw the Allied occupation authorities faced by substantial problems of malnutrition, refugees and crime. The military and Allied occupation authorities lacked the resources to resolve these problems, and had to rely on a range of external assistance organizations to cope with malnutrition and the refugee problem. Assistance came from a complicated array of organizations, including international agencies associated with the new United Nations, bilateral assistance from neutral countries, and religious and welfare organizations. While the Allies would have been happier working with organizations that they could exert leverage on, for example, the Red Cross, such was the enormity of the problems that they had to admit a broad range of relief organizations. This article will consider the politics of assistance, as organizations steered a course between the Allied authorities, local Germans and Displaced Persons. In the case of the Roman Catholic Church, the Americans recognized that to maintain the legitimacy of the occupation, it was politic to keep the Vatican and Catholic organizations sympathetically. On the other hand, the Church saw that it could gain support by supporting German dissent and complaints about the inadequacy of provision. I will consider the tense political relations surrounding relief through a number of such case studies.Published here -
Weindling P, 'Review: "Deadly Medicine. Creating the Master Race"'
Social History of Medicine 21 (1) (2008) pp.208-212
ISSN: 0951-631X eISSN: 1477-4666Abstract-˜Deadly Medicine" is a powerful exhibition, mounted by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. First shown in Washington DC, it transferred to the German Hygiene Museum, Dresden, running from October 2006 to June 2007.Published here -
Weindling P, 'Medical refugees as practitioners and patients: public, private and practice records'
Yearbook of the Research Centre for German and Austrian Exile Studies 9 (2007)
ISSN: 1388-3720AbstractThis volume gives an extensive overview of current developments in the field of archival collections relating to German-speaking refugees located in Germany, Austria, the USA, Ireland and the UK. The contributions illustrate the three interlinked areas of refugee archives, Exile and Migration Studies research and related databases and other resources. The articles investigate their interrelationship as well as the future challenges facing all three areas by focusing on larger archival holdings as well as collections relating to individuals and organisations and more recently established electronic and online resources and finding aids. The volume is aimed at researchers and archival practioners alike and should be especially useful for anyone starting out in the field. -
Weindling P, 'Belsenitis: Liberating Belsen, Its Hospitals, Unrra, and Selection for Re-emigration, 1945-1948'
Science in Context 19 (2006) pp.401-418
ISSN: 0269-8897 eISSN: 1474-0664Published here -
Weindling P, 'From International to Zonal Trials: the Origins of the Nuremberg Medical Trial (war Crimes)'
Holocaust and Genocide Studies 14 (2001) pp.367-389
ISSN: 8756-6583 eISSN: 1476-7937 -
Weindling P, 'International Eugenics: Swedish Sterilization in Context'
Scandinavian Journal of History 24 (2000) pp.179-197
ISSN: 0346-8755 eISSN: 1502-7716
Books
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Bonah C, Schmaltz F, Weindling P, (ed.), La faculté de médecine de la Reichsuniversität Straßburg et l'hôpital civil sous l'annexion de fait nationale-socialiste 1940-1945. Vie des cliniques au quotidien, expérimentations humaines criminelles, collections médico-scientifiques, biographies des victimes et du personnel de la faculté de médecine et préconisations concernant les politiques mémorielles. Rapport final de la Commission historique pour l’histoire de la faculté de médecine de la Reichsuniversität Straßburg 2017-2022
, PUS, Presses universitaires de Strasbourg (2022)
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Czech H, Druml C, Weindling PJ, (ed.), Medical Ethics in the 70 Years after the Nuremberg Code, 1947 to the Present, Springer Verlag (Germany) (2018)
ISSN: 0043-5325 eISSN: 1613-7671 ISBN: 0043-5325AbstractPublished hereAt the close of the Nuremberg Medical Trial (NMT) on 19 August 1947, the judges pronounced guidelines on permissible clinical experiments. From around 1963 these guidelines were called the “Nuremberg Code”, thereby investing them with status as a fundamental document on research procedure. Their status as part of a judgement at an international court set a precedent in judging landmark cases of murderous and maiming conduct arising from coercive research. The aim of this paper is to correct some misconceptions concerning the origins and implications of these guidelines. The first misconception is that the Guidelines/Code arose solely from courtroom proceedings. This overlooks an agenda which had existed since the liberation of concentration camps to secure a set of regulations to protect research subjects. In short, the victim had agency by protesting against, resisting and sabotaging the coerced experiments, and when it came to being witnesses at the NMT, a reflective voice. Victims of research and liberated prisoner doctors made a profound impression on Allied scientific intelligence officers, who then laid the knowledge-base for the NMT. Secondly, although the judges stressed the autonomy of the research subject and the obligation to inform about potential risks, the key term “informed consent” did not appear in the guidelines of 1947. Thirdly, it is a misapprehension that the principles promulgated by the judges received neither publicity nor recognition. The case against the Vienna internist Wilhelm Beiglböck illustrates salient aspects.
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Angetter D, Nemec B, Posch H, Druml C, Weindling P, (ed.), Strukturen und Netzwerke: Medizin und Wissenschaft in Wien, 1848-1955, Vienna unipress/V&R unipress (2018)
ISBN: 9783847109167 eISBN: 9783737009164Published here -
Czech H, Weindling PJ, (ed.), Österreichische Ärzte und Ärztinnen im Nationalsozialismus, Dokumentationsarchiv Österreichischer Widerstandes (2017)
ISBN: 9783901142697AbstractPublished hereDie Publikation ist den Auswirkungen des Nationalsozialismus auf die österreichische Ärzteschaft gewidmet, wobei die große Gruppe der verfolgten – zum größten Teil – jüdischen Ärzte und Ärztinnen im Mittelpunkt des Interesses steht. Thematisiert werden aber auch das "Rassenbiologische Institut" an der Universität Wien, verbrecherische medizinische Zwangsversuche an Häftlingen des Konzentrationslagers Dachau sowie der Umgang mit NS-Ärzten nach 1945.
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Weindling P, (ed.), From Clinic to Concentration Camp: Reassessing Nazi Medical and Racial Research, 1933-1945, Routledge (2017)
ISBN: 9781472484611 eISBN: 9781315583310Published here -
Weindling P, Victims and Survivors of Nazi Human Experiments: Science and Suffering in the Holocaust, Bloomsbury Academic (2014)
ISBN: 9781441195319 eISBN: 9781441189301AbstractPublished hereWhile the coerced human experiments are notorious among all the atrocities under National Socialism, they have been marginalised by mainstream historians. This book seeks to remedy the marginalisation, and to place the experiments in the context of the broad history of National Socialism and the Holocaust. Paul Weindling bases this study on the reconstruction of a victim group through individual victims' life histories, and by weaving the victims' experiences collectively together in terms of different groupings, especially gender, ethnicity and religion, age, and nationality. The timing of the experiments, where they occurred, how many victims there were, and who they were, is analysed, as are hitherto under-researched aspects such as Nazi anatomy and executions. The experiments are also linked, more broadly, to major elements in the dynamic and fluid Nazi power structure and the implementation of racial policies. The approach is informed by social history from below, exploring both the rationales and motives of perpetrators, but assessing these critically in the light of victim narratives.While the coerced human experiments are notorious among all the atrocities under National Socialism, they have been marginalised by mainstream historians. This book seeks to remedy the marginalisation, and to place the experiments in the context of the broad history of National Socialism and the Holocaust.
Paul Weindling bases this study on the reconstruction of a victim group through individual victims' life histories, and by weaving the victims' experiences collectively together in terms of different groupings, especially gender, ethnicity and religion, age, and nationality. The timing of the experiments, where they occurred, how many victims there were, and who they were, is analysed, as are hitherto under-researched aspects such as Nazi anatomy and executions. The experiments are also linked, more broadly, to major elements in the dynamic and fluid Nazi power structure and the implementation of racial policies. The approach is informed by social history from below, exploring both the rationales and motives of perpetrators, but assessing these critically in the light of victim narratives. - See more at: https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/victims-and-survivors-of-nazi-human-experiments-9781441195319/#sthash.72tveZeF.dpuf
While the coerced human experiments are notorious among all the atrocities under National Socialism, they have been marginalised by mainstream historians. This book seeks to remedy the marginalisation, and to place the experiments in the context of the broad history of National Socialism and the Holocaust.
Paul Weindling bases this study on the reconstruction of a victim group through individual victims' life histories, and by weaving the victims' experiences collectively together in terms of different groupings, especially gender, ethnicity and religion, age, and nationality. The timing of the experiments, where they occurred, how many victims there were, and who they were, is analysed, as are hitherto under-researched aspects such as Nazi anatomy and executions. The experiments are also linked, more broadly, to major elements in the dynamic and fluid Nazi power structure and the implementation of racial policies. The approach is informed by social history from below, exploring both the rationales and motives of perpetrators, but assessing these critically in the light of victim narratives. - See more at: https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/victims-and-survivors-of-nazi-human-experiments-9781441195319/#sthash.72tveZeF.dpufWhile the coerced human experiments are notorious among all the atrocities under National Socialism, they have been marginalised by mainstream historians. This book seeks to remedy the marginalisation, and to place the experiments in the context of the broad history of National Socialism and the Holocaust.
Paul Weindling bases this study on the reconstruction of a victim group through individual victims' life histories, and by weaving the victims' experiences collectively together in terms of different groupings, especially gender, ethnicity and religion, age, and nationality. The timing of the experiments, where they occurred, how many victims there were, and who they were, is analysed, as are hitherto under-researched aspects such as Nazi anatomy and executions. The experiments are also linked, more broadly, to major elements in the dynamic and fluid Nazi power structure and the implementation of racial policies. The approach is informed by social history from below, exploring both the rationales and motives of perpetrators, but assessing these critically in the light of victim narratives. - See more at: https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/victims-and-survivors-of-nazi-human-experiments-9781441195319/#sthash.72tveZeF.dpuf -
Weindling P, (ed.), Healthcare in Private and Public from the Early Modern Period to 2000, Routledge (2014)
ISBN: 9780415727006 eISBN: 9781317578291 -
Marks S, Weindling P, Wintour L, In defence of learning: the plight, persecution, and placement of academic refugees, 1933-1980s (Proceedings of the British Academy: 169), Oxford University Press (2011)
ISBN: 9780197264812AbstractPublished hereEstablished in the 1930s to rescue scientists and scholars from Nazi Europe, the Society for the Protection of Science and Learning (SPSL, founded in 1933 as the Academic Assistance Council and now known as the Council for Assisting Refugee Academics) has had an illustrious career. No fewer than eighteen of its early grantees became Nobel Laureates and 120 were elected Fellows of the British Academy and Royal Society in the UK. While a good deal has been written on the SPSL in the 1930s and 1940s, and especially on the achievements of the outstanding scientists rescued, much less attention has been devoted to the scholars who contributed to the social sciences and humanities, and there has been virtually no research on the Society after the Second World War. The archive-based essays in this volume, written to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the organisation, are the first to attempt to fill this gap. The essays include revisionist accounts of the founder of the SPSL and some of its early grantees. For the first time, the story examines its relationship with associates and allies, the experiences of women academics and those of the post- war academic refugees from Communist Europe, apartheid South Africa and Pinochet's Chile. In addition to scholarly contributions, the volume includes moving essays by the children of early grantees. At a time of increasing international concern with refugees and immigration, it is a timely reminder of the enormous contribution generations of academic refugees have made - and continue to make - to learning the world over.
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Weindling P, John W. Thompson, psychiatrist in the shadow of the Holocaust, University of Rochester Press (2010)
ISBN: 9781580462891AbstractJohn W. Thompson: Psychiatrist in Shadow of the Holocaust is the biography of a doctor whose revulsion at Nazi human experiments prompted him to seek a humane basis for physician-patient relations. As a military scientific intelligence officer in 1945, Thompson was the first to name "medical war crimes" as a special category for prosecution. His investigations laid the groundwork for the Nuremberg medical trials and for the novel idea of "informed consent." Yet, Thompson has remained a little-known figure, despite his many scientific, literary, and religious connections. This book traces Thompson's life from his birth in Mexico, through his studies at Stanford, Edinburgh, and Harvard, and his service in the Canadian Air Force. It reconstructs his therapeutic work with Unesco in Germany and his time as a Civil Rights activist in New York, where he developed his concept of holistic medicine. Thompson was close to authors like Auden and Spender and inspirational religious figures like Jean Vanier, founder of L'Arche. He drew on ideas of Freud, Jung, and Buber. The philosophical and religious dimensions of Thompson's response to Holocaust victims' suffering are key to this study, which cites accounts of psychiatrists, students and patients who knew Thompson personally, war crimes prosecution records, and unpublished personal papers.
Book chapters
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Weindling P, 'The Oxford Nutrition Survey (1941-1950): Its Rise and Fall Under Hugh Sinclair' in Heini Hakosalo, Katariina Parhi, Annukka Sailo (ed.), Historical Explorations of Modern Epidemiology. Patterns, Populations and Pathologies, Palgrave Macmillan (2023)
ISBN: 9783031206702 eISBN: 9783031206719AbstractPublished hereThis paper delineates the activities of the biochemist Hugh Sinclair (1910–1990) who set up and directed the Oxford Nutrition Survey (1941–1950). After pioneering work on student diets, there was a rapid expansion in his research activities. Pregnant women and industrial workers were given close attention. Sinclair recruited a loyal and energetic staff. Sinclair’s failure to produce an overarching analysis meant dwindling University and academic support. Sinclair turned his attention to fatty fish oils in the Inuit diet. Yet the Oxford Nutrition Survey data continues to have great historical potential for study of living conditions and health outcomes.
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Weindling P, 'L’Institut de pathologie et ses collections et archives ' in La faculté de médecine de la Reichsuniversität Straßburg et l'hôpital civil sous l'annexion de fait nationale-socialiste 1940-1945. Vie des cliniques au quotidien, expérimentations humaines criminelles, collections médico-scientifiques, biographies des vic, PUS, Presses universitaires de Strasbourg (2022)
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Weindling PJ, 'The Czechoslovak Twins of Mengele, 1943–1945 ' in Šimûnek M (ed.), Science, Occupation, War: 1939-1945. A Collective Monograph, Academia (2022)
ISBN: 9788072852512 -
Weindling P, 'Die gerichtliche Verfolgung der „Euthanasie“-Verbrechen durch das Internationale Militärtribunal 1945/46 und den Ärzteprozess 1946/47 in Nürnberg' in Osterloh J, Schulte J (ed.), “Euthanasie” und Holocaust. Kontinuitäten, Kausalitäten, Parallelitäten, Brill (2021)
ISBN: 9783506791887 eISBN: 9783657791880Published here -
Weindling P, 'The Need to Name: The Victims of Nazi “Euthanasia” of the Mentally and Physically Disabled and Ill, 1939-1945' in Bailer B, Wetzel J (ed.), Mass Murder of People with Disabilities and the Holocaust, Metropol (2019)
ISBN: 978-3-86331-459-0Published here -
Weindling PJ, 'Conceptualising eugenics and racial hygiene as public health theory and practice' in Kananen J, Bergenheim S, Wessel M (ed.), Conceptualising Public Health. Historical and Contemporary Struggles over Key Concepts, Routledge (2018)
ISBN: 9781138036833 eISBN: 9781315178271AbstractPublished here Open Access on RADAREugenics arose at a crucial juncture in terms of demography (with the declining birth rate) and morbidity (with the shift to chronic diseases) in the later nineteenth century. These, in turn, shaped public measures in the early twentieth century. This chapter will examine eugenic concepts of population health, and how these entered public health concepts and practices. It will review the theoretical writings of Galton in Britain, and Schallmayer and Ploetz in Germany. Their theoretical writings provided fundamental concepts of how population health could be sustained in the emergent welfare state. Eugenics became a norm embedded in public health concepts, structures and interventions. The chapter will consider eugenic ideals and how these were to be sustained by such measures as health examinations prior to marriage, family welfare support and restriction of immigration. Eugenicists demanded comprehensive measures to promote the fit and healthy, and segregate the degenerate. I will consider the historiography of eugenics and its limitations as regards public health, as well as the implementation of actual health measures regarding a range of ‘racial poisons’ such as alcohol, tuberculosis and sexually transmitted diseases. Wider issues raised are those of the dissemination of eugenic ideas as well as the role of eugenically minded experts as guardians of national health.
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Weindling PJ, 'Hugo Iltis: Pioneer of Resistance to Scientific Racism' in Race, Genetics, and Science. Resisting Racism in the 1930s, Masaryk University Press (2017)
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Czech H, Weindling PJ, 'Österreichische Ärzte und Ärztinnen im Nationalsozialismus. Einleitung' in Czech H, Weindling PJ (ed.), Österreichische Ärzte und Ärztinnen im Nationalsozialismus, Dokumentationsarchiv Österreichischer Widerstandes (2017)
ISBN: 9783901142697Published here Open Access on RADAR -
Weindling P, '„Unser eigener ‚österreichischer Weg‘“: Die Meerwasser-Trinkexperimente in Dachau 1944' in Czech H, Weindling PJ (ed.), Österreichische Ärzte und Ärztinnen im Nationalsozialismus, Dokumentationsarchiv Österreichischer Widerstandes (2017)
ISBN: 9783901142697AbstractPublished here Open Access on RADARThis paper considers a neglected Austrian aspect of German wartime medical research and the Nuremberg Medical tribunal. The Vienna internist Wilhelm Beiglböck was the only one of the 23 defendants to be brought to trial as the result of civil police action. In February 1946 Dachau survivors alerted the Austrian state police that the Vienna specialist in internal medicine Wilhelm Beiglböck had conducted fatal experiments in Dachau. The investigations uncovered the involvement of the celebrated internist Hans Eppinger of the Vienna Medical Faculty, and led to the arrest of Beiglböck in Lienz in the British zone of occupation. Beiglböck was transferred to Nuremberg by the British in September 1946. He was the one Austrian defendant at the Medical Trial. The paper identifies victims by name, and considers the allegation of murder, and the subsequent fate of the victims, using the methodology of tracing the life history of each victim. It also shows an effort emanating from Eppinger to profile Austrian medical research under Nazism, as well as postwar consequences resulting in the suicide of Eppinger and apparently of Beiglböck.
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Weindling PJ, 'Refugee Nurses in Great Britain, 1933-1945: from Place of Safety to a New Homeland' in Grant Susan J (ed.), Russian and Soviet Healthcare from an International Perspective, Palgrave Macmillan (2017)
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Weindling P, '„Ressourcen“ für humanmedizinische Zwangsforschung, 1933–1945' in Flachowsky S, Hachtmann R, Schmaltz F (ed.), Ressourcenmobilisierung: Wissenschaftspolitik und Forschungspraxis im NS-Herrschaftssystem, Wallstein (2017)
ISBN: 9783835318779 eISBN: 9783835340046Published here -
Weindling PJ, 'Introduction: A New Historiography of the Nazi Medical Experiments' in Weindling PJ (ed.), From Clinic to Concentration Camp: Reassessing Nazi Medical and Racial Research, 1933-1945, Routledge (2017)
ISBN: 9781472484611 -
Weindling PJ, 'Post-war Legacies, 1945-2015: Victims, Bodies, and Brain Tissue' in Weindling PJ (ed.), From Clinic to Concentration Camp: Reassessing Nazi Medical and Racial Research, 1933-1945, Routledge (2017)
ISBN: 9781472484611 eISBN: 9781315583310AbstractPublished hereAt the close of the Second World War there was a high level of concern with Nazi human experiments. Survivors set out to document and testify, and Allied scientific intelligence officers flagged up the criminality of medical research under National Socialism. Allied occupation authorities were concerned about the holding of victim body parts and required their documentation and removal, whereas many anatomists clung onto their corpses – many headless from the Nazi guillotine or with broken spines from hanging. The new research on eugenics and racial policies provided the evidence basis for compensation for victims of sterilisation, for "euthanasia" victim families, and for persecuted Sinti and Roma, and from the mid-1990s for forced labourers. The way forward for both commemoration and historical understanding is identifying victims of Nazi killings, and reconstructing the fate of their brains and body parts. It was assumed that if an institute was destroyed in the war that its post-war collections were free from Nazi victims.
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Weindling PJ, 'Nazi Human Experiments: the Victims’ Perspective and the Post Second World War Discourse' in Dyck E, Stewart L (ed.), The Use of Humans in Experiments, Brill (2016)
ISBN: 978-90-04-28671-9. -
Weindling PJ, 'Rassenkundliche Forschung zwischen dem Getto Litzmannstadt und Auschwitz: Hans Fleischhackers Tübinger Habilitation, Juni 1943' in Kolata J, Kühl R, Tümmers H, Wiesing U (ed.), In Fleischhackers Händen. Wissenschaft, Politik und das 20. Jahrhundert. [Anlässlich der Ausstellung “In Fleischhackers Händen, Tübinger Rassenforscher in Łódź 1940-1942” im Schloss Hohentübingen (24. April bis 28 Juni 2015), Museum der Universität Tübingen MUT (2015)
ISBN: 9783981661644Open Access on RADAR -
Weindling PJ, 'Consent, Care and Commemoration: the Nuremberg Medical Trial and its Legacies for Victims of Human Experiment' in Roelcke V, Topp S, Lepicard E (ed.), Silence, Scapegoats, Self-Reflection. The Shadow of Nazi Medical Crimes on Medicine and Bioethics, V&R Academic (2014)
ISBN: 9783847103653 eISBN: 9783847003656Published here -
Weindling P, 'Victims of Human Experiments and Coercive Research under National Socialism: Gender and Racial Aspects' in Human Subjects Research After the Holocaust, Springer (2014)
ISBN: 978-3-319-05702-6AbstractPublished hereThe analysis presented in this chapter shows that multiple types of unethical human subjects research occurred under National Socialism. Not only were large numbers of victims affected, but also the number of surviving victims was far higher than anticipated. During the war, prisoners clandestinely documented coerced experiments. On liberation, former prisoners documented the effects of experiments, including the sulfonamide experiments on 74 Polish women at Ravensbrück. These efforts to document Nazi medical experiments had a profound impact on the Allied scientific intelligence and war crimes investigation teams during the immediate postwar aftermath. The British liberators of Bergen-Belsen encountered survivors of Auschwitz experiments. The medical trial at Nuremberg was the only one of the United States-mounted successor trials at Nuremberg that relied extensively on victims’ evidence. At the same time, the scientific intelligence officer Thompson set out to document all coerced Nazi experiments as “medical war crimes” in an International Scientific Commission. The aim of fully documenting the experiments is now being carried out by a comprehensive project, which is reconstructing the life histories of over 20,000 victims. The results are discussed here in terms of gender and the Nazi category of race.
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Weindling P, 'Der Nürnberger Ärzteprozess: Ursprunge, Verlauf, und Nachwirkungen' in NMT: Die Nürnberger Militärtribunale zwischen Geschichte, Gerechtigkeit und Rechtschöpfung, Hamburger (2014)
ISBN: 9783868542783 -
Weindling P, 'Die Opfer von Menschenversuchen und gewaltsamer Forschung im Nationalsozialismus mit Fokus auf Geschlecht und Rasse. Ergebnisse eines Forschungsprojekts' in Geschlecht und Rasse in der NS-Medizin, Metropol Verlag (2012)
ISBN: 978-3863310493 -
Weindling P, 'Sonstige Personenschäden : die Entschädigungspraxis der Stiftung, "Erinnerung, Verantwortung und Zukunft"' in Die Entschädigung von NS-Zwangsarbeit am Anfang des 21. Jahrhunderts, Wallstein Verlag (2012)
ISBN: 9783835310858 -
Weindling P, 'Victims, Witnesses and the Ethical Legacy of the Nuremberg Medical Trial' in Reassessing the Nuremberg Military Tribunals: Transitional Justice, Trial Narratives, and Historiography, Berghahn (2012)
ISBN: 978-0-85745-530-7 -
Weindling P, 'Menschenversuche und ,,Euthanasie“ - das Zitieren von Namen, historische Aufarbeitung und Gedenken' in Den Opfern ihre Namen geben. NS- “Euthanasie“-Verbrechen, historisch-politische Verantwortung und Erinnerungskultur, klemm + oelschlaeger (2011)
ISBN: 978-3-86281-033-8 -
Weindling P, 'Alien psychiatrists: the British assimilation of psychiatric refugees, 1930-1950' in International Relations in Psychiatry Britain, Germany, & the United States to World War II, University of Rochester Press (2010)
ISBN: 9781580463393AbstractThe decades around 1900 were crucial in the evolution of modern medical and social sciences, and in the formation of various national health services systems. The modern fields of psychiatry and mental health care are located at the intersection of these spheres. There emerged concepts, practices, and institutions that marked responses to challenges posed by urbanization, industrialization, and the formation of the nation-state. These psychiatric responses were locally distinctive, and yet at the same time established influential models with an international impact. In spite of rising nationalism in Europe, the intellectual, institutional, and material resources that emerged in the various local and national contexts were rapidly observed to have had an impact beyond any national boundaries. In numerous ways, innovations were adopted and refashioned for the needs and purposes of new national and local systems. International Relations in Psychiatry: Britain, Germany, and the United States to World War II brings together hitherto separate approaches from the social, political, and cultural history of medicine and health care and argues that modern psychiatry developed in a constant, though not always continuous, transfer of ideas, perceptions, and experts across national borders. -
Weindling P, 'Genetics, eugenics, and the Holocaust' in Biology and Ideology from Descartes to Dawkins, University of Chicago Press (2010)
ISBN: 9780226608419AbstractOver the course of human history, the sciences, and biology in particular, have often been manipulated to cause immense human suffering. For example, biology has been used to justify eugenic programs, forced sterilization, human experimentation, and death camps—all in an attempt to support notions of racial superiority. By investigating the past, the contributors to Biology and Ideology from Descartes to Dawkins hope to better prepare us to discern ideological abuse of science when it occurs in the future. Denis R. Alexander and Ronald L. Numbers bring together fourteen experts to examine the varied ways science has been used and abused for nonscientific purposes from the fifteenth century to the present day. Featuring an essay on eugenics from Edward J. Larson and an examination of the progress of evolution by Michael J. Ruse, Biology and Ideology examines uses both benign and sinister, ultimately reminding us that ideological extrapolation continues today. An accessible survey, this collection will enlighten historians of science, their students, practicing scientists, and anyone interested in the relationship between science and culture. -
Weindling P, 'German eugenics and the wider world: beyond the racial state' in Oxford Handbook of the History of Eugenics, Oxford University Press (2010)
ISBN: 9780195373141AbstractEugenic thought and practice swept the world from the late nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century in a remarkable transnational phenomenon. Eugenics informed social and scientific policy across the political spectrum, from liberal welfare measures in emerging social-democratic states to feminist ambitions for birth control, from public health campaigns to totalitarian dreams of the "perfectibility of man." This book dispels for uninitiated readers the automatic and apparently exclusive link between eugenics and the Holocaust. It is the first world history of eugenics and an indispensable core text for both teaching and research. Eugenics has accumulated generations of interest as experts attempted to connect biology, human capacity, and policy. In the past and the present, eugenics speaks to questions of race, class, gender and sex, evolution, governance, nationalism, disability, and the social implications of science. In the current climate, in which the human genome project, stem cell research, and new reproductive technologies have proven so controversial, the history of eugenics has much to teach us about the relationship between scientific research, technology, and human ethical decision-making. -
Weindling P, 'A city regenerated: eugenics, race, and welfare in interwar Vienna' in Interwar Vienna Culture between Tradition & Modernity, Camden House (2009)
ISBN: 9781571134202AbstractAlthough beset by social, political, and economic instabilities, interwar Vienna was an exhilarating place, with pioneering developments in the arts and innovations in the social sphere. Research on the period long saw the city as a mere shadow of its former imperial self; more recently it has concentrated on high-profile individual figures or party politics. This volume of new essays widens the view, stretching disciplinary boundaries to consider the cultural and social movements that shaped the city. The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire resulted not in an abandonment of the arts, but rather led to new forms of expression that were nevertheless conditioned by the legacies of earlier periods. The city's culture was caught between extremes, from neopositivism to cultural pessimism, Catholic mysticism to Austro-Marxism, late Enlightenment liberalism to rabid antisemitism. Concentrating on the paradoxes and often productive tensions that these created, the volume's twelve essays explore achievements and anxieties in fields ranging from modern dance, theater, music, film, and literature to economic, cultural, and racial policy. The volume will appeal to social, cultural, and political historians as well as to specialists in modern European literary and visual culture. -
Weindling P, 'The Extraordinary Career of the Virologist Eugen Haagen' in Infektion und Institution: zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte des Robert Koch-Instituts im Nationalsozialismus, Wallstein Verlag (2009)
ISBN: 9783835305076 -
Weindling P, 'American foundations and internationalizing of public health' in Shifting boundaries of public health Europe in the Twentieth Century, University of Rochester Press (2008)
ISBN: 9781580462839AbstractEuropean public health was a playing field for deeply contradictory impulses throughout the twentieth century. In the 1920s, international agencies were established with great fanfare and post-war optimism to serve as the watch tower of health the world over. Within less than a decade, local level institutions began to emerge as seats of innovation, initiative, and expertise. But there was continual counter pressure from nation states that jealously guarded their policy-making prerogatives in the face of the push for cross-national standardization and the emergence of original initiatives from below. In contrast to histories of twentieth century public health that focus exclusively on the local, national, or international levels, Shifting Boundaries explores the connections or "zones of contact" between the three levels. The interpretive essays, written by distinguished historians of public health and medicine, focus on four topics: the oscillation between governmental and non-governmental (public) agencies as sites of responsibility for addressing public health problems; the harmonization of nation states' agendas with those of international agencies; the development by public health experts of knowledge that is both placeless and respectful of place; and the transportability of model solutions across borders. The volume breaks new ground in its treatment of public health as a political endeavor by highlighting strategies to prevent or alleviate disease as a matter not simply of medical techniques, but of political values and commitments. -
Weindling P, 'The Nazi medical experiments' in Oxford Textbook of Clinical Research Ethics, Oxford University Press (2008)
ISBN: 9780195168655AbstractThe Oxford Textbook of Clinical Research Ethics is the first comprehensive and systematic reference on clinical research ethics. Under the editorship of experts from the U.S. National Institutes of Health of the United States, the book's 73 chapters offer a wide-ranging and systematic examination of all aspects of research with human beings. Considering the historical triumphs of research as well as its tragedies, the textbook provides a framework for analyzing the ethical aspects of research studies with human beings. Through both conceptual analysis and systematic reviews of empirical data, the contributors examine issues ranging from scientific validity, fair subject selection, risk benefit ratio, independent review, and informed consent to focused consideration of international research ethics, conflicts of interests, and other aspects of responsible conduct of research. The editors of The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Research Ethics offer a work that critically assesses and advances scholarship in the field of human subjects research. Comprehensive in scope and depth, this book will be a crucial resource for researchers in the medical sciences, as well as teachers and students.
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Weindling P, 'Eugen Haagen (1898-1972), professeur d’hygiène à la Reichsuniversität Straßburg, virologiste et expérimentateur sur des êtres humains
' in La faculté de médecine de la Reichsuniversität Straßburg et l'hôpital civil sous l'annexion de fait nationale-socialiste 1940-1945. Vie des cliniques au quotidien, expérimentations humaines criminelles, collections médico-scientifiques, biographies des vic, PUS, Presses universitaires de Strasbourg
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Weindling PJ, 'The History and Historiography of Eugenics' in Borello M, Dittrich M, Harman O (ed.), Handbook of the Historiography of Biology, Springer
ISBN: 9783319901206Published here
Conference papers
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Weindling P, 'The Origins of Informed Consent: the International Scientific Commission on Medical War Crimes, and the Nuremberg Code'
Bulletin of the History of Medicine 75 (2001) pp.37-71
ISSN: 0007-5140 eISSN: 1086-3176 -
Weindling P, 'Dissecting German Social Darwinism: Historicizing the Biology of the Organic State'
Science in Context 11 (1999) pp.619-637
ISSN: 0269-8897 eISSN: 1474-0664
Reviews
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Weindling P, review of History: Addiction and the Reich
Nature 538 (7623) (2016) pp.38-39
ISSN: 0028-0836Published here -
Weindling P, review of Anthropology at War: World War I and the Science of Race in Germany
Isis: A Journal of the History of Science Society 104 (2013) pp.402-403
ISSN: 0021-1753 eISSN: 1545-6994Published here -
Weindling P, review of Medicine and National Socialism: Situation and Research Prospects
The English Historical Review 127 (2013) pp.1593-1596
ISSN: 0013-8266 eISSN: 1477-4534 -
Weindling P, review of The Politics of Fertility in Twentieth-Century Berlin
Medical History 57 (2013) pp.145-146
ISSN: 0025-7273 eISSN: 2048-8343Published here -
Weindling P, review of The State of Health: Illness in Nazi Germany
Social History of Medicine 26 (2013) pp.316-317
ISSN: 0951-631X eISSN: 1477-4666Published here -
Weindling P, review of What Is National Socialist About Eugenics? International Debates on the History of Eugenics in the 20th Century
The English Historical Review 127 (2012) pp.487-488
ISSN: 0013-8266 eISSN: 1477-4534Published here -
Weindling P, review of Confronting the Good Death Nazi Euthanasia on Trial, 1945-1953.
American Historical Review 113 (2009) pp.1610-1610
ISSN: 0002-8762 eISSN: 1937-5239 -
Weindling P, review of Freedom of Nature Research! Carl Freiherr of Rokitansky and the Viennese Medical School: Science and Politics in Conflict
Isis: A Journal of the History of Science Society 99 (2009) pp.860-860
ISSN: 0021-1753 eISSN: 1545-6994 -
Weindling P, review of The Cult of Health and Beauty in Germany: a Social History, 1890-1930
Isis: A Journal of the History of Science Society 99 (2008) pp.199-199
ISSN: 0021-1753 eISSN: 1545-6994 -
Weindling P, review of Divide and Conquer: a Comparative History of Medical Specialization.
American Historical Review 112 (2007) pp.813-814
ISSN: 0002-8762 eISSN: 1937-5239 -
Weindling P, review of Healing Democracy - Democracy As a Healing Medium: Health, Sickness and Politics in the American Occupation Zone 1945-1949.
The English Historical Review 121 (2006) pp.348-U82
ISSN: 0013-8266 eISSN: 1477-4534Published here -
Weindling P, review of Landscaping the Human Garden: Twentieth-century Population Management in a Comparative Framework.
78 (2006) pp.476-478
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Weindling P, review of The Nuremberg Medical Trial: the Holocaust and the Origin of the Nuremberg Medical Code
The English Historical Review 121 (2006) pp.349-U83
ISSN: 0013-8266 eISSN: 1477-4534Published here -
Weindling P, review of Medicine and Medical Ethics in Nazi Germany: Origins, Practices, Legacies
The English Historical Review 120 (2005) pp.262-262
ISSN: 0013-8266 eISSN: 1477-4534 -
Weindling P, review of Medicine on a Grand Scale: Rudolf Virchow, Liberalism, and the Public Health
Medical History 49 (2005) pp.380-381
ISSN: 0025-7273 eISSN: 2048-8343 -
Weindling P, review of The Volkskoerper (public Health) in War: Health Policies, Health Rates and Euthanasia in National Socialist Germany 1939-1945.
American Historical Review 110 (2005) pp.569-570
ISSN: 0002-8762 eISSN: 1937-5239 -
Weindling P, review of Biographical Dictionary of Outstanding Physicians of the Last Fifty Years
Social History of Medicine 17 (2004) pp.317-318
ISSN: 0951-631X eISSN: 1477-4666 -
Weindling P, review of Haeckels Monism and the Birth of Fascist Ideology.
British Journal for the History of Science 35 (2004) pp.117-118
ISSN: 0007-0874 eISSN: 1474-001X -
Weindling P, review of The Correspondence of Charles Darwin, Vol Xi, 1863 and Vol Xii, 1864
The English Historical Review 118 (2004) pp.1076-1076
ISSN: 0013-8266 eISSN: 1477-4534 -
Weindling P, review of The Medical Faculty of the University of Jena Under National Socialism
British Journal for the History of Science 35 (2004) pp.119-120
ISSN: 0007-0874 eISSN: 1474-001X -
Weindling P, review of Public Health Physician Ludwig Teleky (1872-1957) and the Evolution of Occupational Hygiene Into Industrial Medicine
Bulletin of the History of Medicine 77 (2003) pp.459-459
ISSN: 0007-5140 eISSN: 1086-3176 -
Weindling P, review of Stepchildren of Nature: Krafft-Ebing, Psychiatry, and the Making of Sexual Identity
Bulletin of the History of Medicine 77 (2003) pp.203-204
ISSN: 0007-5140 eISSN: 1086-3176 -
Weindling P, review of The Science of Human Diversity: a History of the Pioneer Fund
Social History of Medicine 16 (2003) pp.157-157
ISSN: 0951-631X eISSN: 1477-4666 -
Weindling P, review of History of Public Health Nursing in Spain, 1860-1977
Bulletin of the History of Medicine 76 (2002) pp.395-395
ISSN: 0007-5140 eISSN: 1086-3176 -
Weindling P, review of International Science and National Culture: German Physicists in the International Community, 1900-2000
The English Historical Review 117 (2002) pp.1035-1036
ISSN: 0013-8266 eISSN: 1477-4534 -
Weindling P, review of Otto Weininger: Sex, Science, and Self in Imperial Vienna.
Bulletin of the History of Medicine 76 (2002) pp.841-843
ISSN: 0007-5140 eISSN: 1086-3176 -
Weindling P, review of Illness and Cultural Critique: Psychiatric Interpretations of the Bourgeois Society, 1790-1914
Isis: A Journal of the History of Science Society 92 (2001) pp.409-409
ISSN: 0021-1753 eISSN: 1545-6994 -
Weindling P, review of Institutional Physicians Between the German Empire and the Federal Republic: the Case of Westphalia
73 (2001) pp.700-702
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Weindling P, review of Medicine and Colonial Imperialism: Germany, 1884-1945
Social History of Medicine 13 (2001) pp.575-575
ISSN: 0951-631X eISSN: 1477-4666 -
Weindling P, review of Welfare, Modernity, and Weimar State, 1919-1933
American Historical Review 106 (2001) pp.667-668
ISSN: 0002-8762 eISSN: 1937-5239 -
Weindling P, review of Drastic Measures: Smallpox Vaccination and Traditional Society in Wurttemberg (early 19th Century)
Isis: A Journal of the History of Science Society 91 (2000) pp.170-170
ISSN: 0021-1753 eISSN: 1545-6994 -
Weindling P, review of How the Idea of Profession Changed the Writing of Medical History.
Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 36 (2000) pp.177-180
ISSN: 0022-5061 eISSN: 1520-6696 -
Weindling P, review of Migrants, Minorities and Health: Historical and Contemporary Studies
History 85 (2000) pp.95-96
ISSN: 0018-2648 eISSN: 1468-229X -
Weindling P, review of Dictating Demography : the Problem of Population in Fascist Italy.
Population Studies 53 (1999) pp.267-268
ISSN: 0032-4728 eISSN: 1477-4747 -
Weindling P, review of The Transformation of German Academic Medicine, 1750-1820
The English Historical Review 114 (1999) pp.752-753
ISSN: 0013-8266 eISSN: 1477-4534
Other publications
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Weindling P, 'Viele kamen, doch viele blieben zurück : die Grenzen der Kindertransporte = The Many who Came and the Many Left behind : The Limitations of the Kindertransports', (2021)
Published here -
Weindling P, 'Searching for lost victims', (2013)
Published here -
Kolb S, Weindling P, Roelcke V, Seithe H, 'Apologising for Nazi Medicine: a Constructive Starting Point', (2012)
Published here
Books
Monographs
- Victims and Survivors of Nazi Human Experiments: Science and Suffering in the Holocaust (London: Bloomsbury, 2014).
- John W. Thompson, Psychiatrist in the Shadow of the Holocaust (Rochester, NY: Rochester University Press, 2010), pp. 440. Paperback edition 2013.
- Nazi Medicine and the Nuremberg Trials: From Medical War Crimes to Informed Consent (Basingstoke, Palgrave-Macmillan: 2004), pp. 482. Paperback edition 2006.
- Epidemics and Genocide in Eastern Europe, 1890-1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 463. Russian translation of pages 352-72, funded by Volkswagen Stiftung, 2008, pp. 260-293.
- Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 Cambridge Monographs in the History of Medicine, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 641. Paperback edn, 1993. Pp. 493-7 reprinted as ‘Racial Hygiene and Professional Leadership’, Neil Gregor ed., Nazism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, Oxford Readers, 2000), pp. 258-62.
- L’hygiène de la race. L’hygiène raciale et l’eugénisme médical en l’allemagne 1870-1933 (Paris: La Découverte, 1998), pp. 304.
- Darwinism and Social Darwinism in Imperial Germany: The Contribution of the Cell Biologist Oscar Hertwig (1849 - 1922) = Forschungen zur Medizin- und Biologiegeschichte vol. 3, (Stuttgart: G. Fischer in association with Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz, 1991), pp. 355.
Edited Volumes
- Healthcare in Private and Public from the Early Modern Period to 2000 (London: Routledge, 2014). Publication date December 2014.
- (Editor, with Bjöern Felder) Baltic Eugenics. Bio-Politics, Race and Nation in interwar Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 1918-1940 (Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2013).
- (Editor, with Shula Marks and Laura Wintour), In Defence of Learning: The Plight, Persecution, and Placement of Academic Refugees, 1933-1980s (Proceedings of the British Academy) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011)
- (Editor, with Volker Roelcke and Louise Westwood), International Relations in Psychiatry: Britain, Germany, & the United States to World War II (Rochester Studies in Medical History - Boydell and Brewer, 2010).
- (Editor) Special Issue on: ‘Medical Refugees in Britain and the Wider World’, Social History of Medicine, issue 3 (2009).
- (Editor, M. Turda ) 'Blood and Homeland': Eugenics and Racial Nationalism in Central and Southeast Europe, 1900-1940 (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006).
- (Editor) International Health Organisations and Movements 1918-1939, Cambridge Monographs in the History of Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. xvi, 337.
- (Editor) The Social History of Occupational Health (London: Croom Helm for the Society for the Social History of Medicine, 1985), pp. 267.
- (Editor, with P. Corsi) Information Sources for the History of Science and Medicine, London: Butterworths, 1983, pp. 531. [Commended for the Besterman Medal by the Library Association, 1984]. Revised Italian edn: Storia della Scienza e della Medicina - Bibliografia Critica (Rome: Theoria, 1993).
Journal articles
Chapters and Journal Articles (listed together by year)
2014
- 'Public and Private in the Modernisation of Medicine: Politics, Professions, and Practices', in Paul Weindling (ed.), Healthcare in Private and Public from the Early Modern Period to 2000 (London: Routledge, 2014). Publication date December 2014.
- 'International Health between Public and Private in the Twentieth Century', in Paul Weindling (ed.), Healthcare in Private and Public from the Early Modern Period to 2000 (London: Routledge, 2014). Publication date 2014.
- 'Nazi Human Experiments: The Victims’ Perspective and the Post-Second World War Discourse', in Erika Dyck and Larry Stewart (eds), The Uses of Humans in Experiments (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2014), in press.
- 'Victims of Human Experiments and Coercive Research under National Socialism: Gender and Racial Aspects', Sheldon Rubenfeld (ed.), Human Subjects Research After the Holocaust (New York, Heidelberg: Springer). Publication date July 2014.
- (with Howard Brody, Sarah Leonard, Jing-Bao Nie) 'United States Responses to Japanese Wartime Inhuman Experimentation after World War II: National Security and Wartime Exigency’, Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 23, 2 (2014), 220-230.
2013
- 'From Scientific Object to Commemorated Victim: the Children of the Spiegelgrund', History and Philosophy of Life Sciences, 35 (2013), 415-430.
- 'Race, Eugenics and National Identity in the Eastern Baltic: from Racial Surveys to Racial States', in B. M. Felder and P. J. Weindling (eds), Baltic Eugenics. Bio-Politics, Race and Nation in interwar Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 1918-1940 (Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2013), 33-48.
- 'Der Nürnberger Ärzteprozess: Ursprünge, Verlauf, und Nachwirkungen', in Kim Priemel and Alexa Stiller (eds), N M T. Die Nürnberger Militärtribunale zwischen Geschichte, Gerechtigkeit und Rechtsschöpfung (Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 2013), 158-193.
2012
- ‘Victims, witnesses and the ethical legacy of the Nuremberg Medical Trial’, in Kim Priemel and Alexa Stiller (eds), Reassessing the Nuremberg Military Tribunals: Transitional Justice, Trial Narratives, and Historiography (New York; Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2012).
- 'Julian Huxley and the Continuity of Eugenics from Imperialism to 1960s Britain', Journal of Modern European History (2012), 480-498.
- '"Sonstige Personenschäden" – die Entschädigungspraxis der Stiftung "Erinnerung, Verantwortung und Zukunft", Constantin Goschler (ed.), Die Entschädigung von NS-Zwangsarbeit am Anfang des 21. Jahrhunderts (Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2012), 4 vols., vol. 2, 197-225.
- Stephan Kolb, Paul Weindling [corresponding author], Volker Roelcke, Horst Seithe, ‘Apologising for Nazi medicine: a constructive starting point’, The Lancet, 380, 9843 (2012), 722-723. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)61396-8
- 'Searching for lost victims. Paul Weindling, Professor of history of medicine at Oxford Brookes University, describes his search for the lost victims of Nazi experiments', BBC History, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/0/21196249.
- 'Medizinische Gräueltaten in Mauthausen und Gusen: Die Opfer erzwungener medizinischer Forschung', KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen - Mauthausen Memorial Jahrbuch (2011), 41-54.http://www.mauthausen-memorial.at/index_open.php.http://www.mauthausen-memorial.at/db/admin/de/index_main.php?&carticle=1058
- ‘From disease prevention to population control: The realignment of Rockefeller Foundation policies 1920s–1950s’, in Helke Rausch and John Krige (eds), American Foundations and the Coproduction of World Order in the Twentieth Century (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2012), Schriftenreihe der FRIAS School of History, 2012, 125-145.
- 'Die Opfer von Menschenversuchen und gewaltsamer Forschung im Nationalsozialismus' mit Fokus auf Geschlecht und Rasse. Ergebnisse eines Forschungsprojekts’, in Insa Eschebach and Astrid Ley (eds), Geschlecht und Rasse in der NS-Medizin (Berlin: Metropol Verlag, 2012, 81-100.
- '"Cleansing" anatomical collections: The politics of removing specimens from German anatomical and medical collections 1988–92', Annals of Anatomy, 194, 3 (2012), 237-242.
- 'Krytycy, komentatorzy i przeciwnicy eugeniki 1880-1950', Magdalena Gawin, Kamila Uzarczyk, (eds), Eugenika – biopolityka – państwo. Z historii europejskich ruchów eugeniczyych w pierwszej połowie XX w., Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Neriton, Instytut Historii PAN, 49-64. Revised English translation as: ‘Critics and Opponents of Eugenics’, East Central Europe, vol. 38 issue 1 July 01, 2011. p. 79-96 - Special Issue on: Biopolitics and Eugenics in the First Half of the Twentieth Century.
- ‘The Social History of Public and Private Medicine in the Perspective of South East Europe’, in Marius Turda (ed.), ‘Special Issue: Health and Society: Private and Public Medical Traditions in Greece and the Balkans, 1453-1920’, Deltos: Journal of the History of Hellenic Medicine (2012), 62-64.
2011
- ‘Medical Refugees from Czechoslovakia in the UK. A Total Population Approach to Assistance Organisations and Careers, 1938-1945’, in M. Stella, Antonin Kostlán and Sona Štrabáňová (eds), Scholars in Exile and Dictatorships of the 20th Century. May 24-26, 2011, Prague. Conference Proceedings (Prague Academy of Sciences, 2011).
- ‘Menschenversuche und Euthanasie – das Zitieren von Namen, historische Aufarbeitung und Gedenken’, Arbeitskreis zur Erforschung der nationalsozialistischen “Euthanasie” und Zwangssterilisation’, in (ed.), Den Opfern ihre Namen geben. NS- “Euthanasie”-Verbrechen, historisch-politische Verantwortung und Erinnerungskultur (Bad Irsee: Impulse, 2011), pp.115-32.
- ‘“Our Racial Friends”: Disease, Poverty and Social Darwinism 1860-1940’, in Nicholas Saul and Simon J. James (eds), The evolution of literature: legacies of Darwin in European cultures (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2011), pp.35-50.
- ‘From Refugee Assistance to Freedom of Learning: the Strategic Vision of A.V. Hill’, in Shula Marks, Paul Weindling and Laura Wintour (eds), In Defence of Learning The Plight, Persecution, and Placement of Academic Refugees, 1933-1980s (Proceedings of the British Academy) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 59-76
- ‘Racial Expertise and German Eugenic Strategies for Southeastern Europe’, in Christian Promitzer, Marius Turda, Sevasti Trubeta (eds), Health, Hygiene and Eugenics in Southeastern Europe to 1945 (Budapest: Central European University Press 2011), pp. 27-54.
- ‘From Scientific Object to Commemorated Victim: The Children of the Spiegelgrund’, in Ilana Löwy (ed.), Microscope Slides: Reassessing a Neglected Historical Resource (Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, 2011), pp. 77-88.
- ‘Medizinische Gräueltaten in Mauthausen und Gusen: Die Opfer erzwungener medizinischer Forschung’, KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen - Mauthausen Memorial Jahrbuch (2011), 41-54.
- ‘Critics, Commentators and Opponents of Eugenics 1880s–1950s’, East Central Europe, 38, 1 (2011), 79-96.
2010
- ‘Genetics, Eugenics and the Holocaust’, in Denis R. Alexander and Ron Numbers (eds), Biology and Ideology from Descartes to Dawkins (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2010).
- 'Alien Psychiatrists. Britain and its Psychiatric Refugees 1933-45', in Louise Westwood, Paul Weindling and Volker Roelcke (eds), International Relations in Psychiatry: Britain, Germany, & the United States to World War II (Rochester Studies in Medical History - Boydell and Brewer, 2010), pp.53-70.
2009
- ‘The Extraordinary Career of the Virologist Eugen Haagen', in Marion Hulverscheidt and Anja Laukotter (eds), Infektion und Institution: Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte des Robert Koch-Instituts im Nationalsozialismus (Goettingen: Wallstein, 2009).
- ‘Medical Refugees in Britain and the Wider World’, Social History of Medicine, 22, 3 (2009), 451-459.
- ‘Medical Refugees and the Modernisation of Twentieth-century British Medicine’, Social History of Medicine, 22, 3 (2009), 489-511.
- ‘A City Regenerated: Eugenics, Race and Welfare in Interwar Vienna’, in Deborah Holmes and Lisa Silverman (eds), Interwar Vienna: Culture between Tradition and Modernity (New York: Camden House, 2009).
- ‘The Fractured Crucible: Images of the Scientific Survival. The Defence of Ludwik Fleck’, in Johannes Fehr, Nathalie Jas and Ilana Löwy (eds), Penser avec Ludwik Fleck – Investigating a Life Studying Life Sciences (Zurich: Ludwik Fleck Centre, Collegium Helveticum, 2009), pp.47-62.
- ‘Migration, race et génocide: l’émergence d’un nouveau discours sur les droits de l’homme’, in Pilar Gonzale-Bernaldo, Manuela Martini, Marie-Louise Pelus-Kaplan (eds), Étrangers et Sociétés: contacts et regards croisés (Rennes: Presse Universitaire de Rennes, 2009), pp. 265-70.
2008
- ‘The Nazi Medical Experiments’, Ezekiel J. Emanuel et al. (ed.), The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Research Ethics (Oxford: OUP, 2008), pp. 18-30.
- ‘Alice Ricciardi von Platen’, The Guardian (13 March, 2008).
- “Deadly Medicine”, (essay review), Social History of Medicine (2008), vol. 21(1): 208-212
- ‘Foreword’: to Michal Simunek and Dietmar Schultze (eds), Die Nationalsozialistische “Euthanasie” im Reichsgau Sudetenland und Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren 1939-1945 (Prague: Institute of Contemporary History of the Academy of Sciences, 2008).
- ‘The Origins of the Hospice in the Shadow of the Holocaust’, Giving, vol.. 2 (2008) .
- “Entschädigung der Sterilisierungs- und Euthanasie-Opfer nach 1945”, Klaus-Dietmar Henke (ed), Tödliche Medizin im Nationalsozialismus. Von der Rassenhygiene zum Massenmord (Cologne: Böhlau, 2008), 31-46.
- “Medical Refugees as Practitioners and Patients: Public, Private and Practice Records”, Yearbook of the Research Centre for German and Austrian Exile Studies, vol. 9, Refugee Archives: Theory and Practice, pp. 141-156.
- “Einleitung Volk and Forschung: eine Wissenschaft für die Nation”, Michael Fahlbusch and Ingo Haar (eds), Handbuch der völkischen Wissenschaften (Munich: Saur, 2008), 13-18.
- “ “For the Love of Christ”. The French Vatican Mission to Germany”, Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 43 no. 3 (2008) – Special issue ‘Relief and Rehabilitation’, Guest Editor Jessica Reinisch.
2007
- ‘Un internationaliste visionnaire confronté aux réalités de la guerre froide: John W. Thompson et le programme de l’UNESCO pour l’Allemagne, 1945-1955’, 60 ans d’histoire de l’UNESCO. Actes du colloque international 16-18 Novembre 2005 (Paris: UNESCO, 2007), 253-262.
- BBC Television “See Hear”. BBC Television: See Hear! Contributor to programme on the Deaf Holocaust (7 November).
- “Zwischen Forschung und Genozid. Der Nürnberger Ärzteprozess 1946/47: Raphael Lemkins Standpunkt über Menschenversuche und Genozid”, Acta Historica Leopoldina, no. 48 (2007), 79-87.
- ‘Blood’, ‘Demographic Policy’, ‘Eugenics’, ‘Euthanasia’, ‘H.F.K. Gunther’, ‘Health’, ‘Medicine’ in: Cyprian Blamires (ed), Historical Encyclopaedia of World Fascism (ABC, Clio, 2007)
- “Ansteckungsherde. Die deutsche Bakteriologie als wissenschaftlicher Rassissmus, 1890-1920”, Philipp Sarasin et al. (eds), Bakteriologie und Moderne. Studien zur Biopolitik des Unsichtbaren 1870-1920 (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2007), 354-374.
2006
- “German Overtures to Russia, 1919-1925. Between Racial Expansion and National Coexistence”, Susan Solomon (ed), Doing Medicine Together. Germany and Russia between the Wars (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006), 35-60.
- 'Medical Refugees inWales 1930s-50s', in Pamela Michael and Charles Webster (eds), Health and Society in Twentieth-Century Wales (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2006), 183-200.
- 'Central Europe confronts German racial hygiene: Friedrich Hertz, Hugo Iltis and Ignaz Zollschan as critics of German racial hygiene', in M. Turda and P. Weindling (eds), 'Blood and Homeland': Eugenics and Racial Nationalism in Central and Southeast Europe, 1900-1940 (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006).
- 'The evolution of Jewish identity: Ignaz Zollschan between Jewish and Aryan race theories, 1910-1945', Geoffrey Cantor and Marc Swetlitz (eds), Jewish Tradition and the Challenge of Darwinism (Chicago University Press, 2006), 116-136.
- ''From Medical War Crimes to Compensation: the Plight of Victims of Human Experiments", Wolfgang Eckart (ed.), Man, Medicine and the State (Stuttgart: Steiner Verlag, 2006), 237-249.
- '"Belsenitis". Liberating Belsen, its Hospitals, and Selection for Re-emigration, 1945-1948'. Science in Context , vol. 19 no. 3 (2006), 401-418.
- "As origenes da participacao da America Latina na Organizacao da Saude da Liga das Nacoes, 1920-40 [The League of Nations Health Organisation and Latin America]", História, Ciências, Saúde – Manguinhos , vol. 13 no. 3 (2006).
2005
- 'Inter-war morbidity surveys: communities as health experiments', in Iris Borowy and Wolf D. Gruner (eds), Facing Illness in Troubled Times. Health in Europe in the Interwar Years 1918-1939 (Frankfurt/M: Peter Lang, 2005).
- 'L’eugénisme comme médicine sociale: l’époque de Weimar', Revue d’histoire de la Shoah, 183, (2005), 135-142. [Volume title: Classer/penser/exclure. De l’eugénisme à l’hygiène raciale].
2004
- 'Akteure in eigener Sache: Die Aussagen der Überlebenden und die Verfolgung der medizinischen Kriegsverbrechen nach 1945', in C. Sachse (ed), Die Verbindung nach Auschwitz - Biowissenschaften und Menschenversuche an Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituten (Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2004), pp. 255-282.
- 'Verdacht, Kontrolle, Aussöhnung. Adolf Butenandts Platz in der Wissenschaftspolitik der Westalliierten (1945-1955)', in Wolfgang Schieder and Achim Trunk (eds), Adolf Butenandt und die Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft.Wissenschaft, Industrie und Politik im “Dritten Reich” (Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2004), pp. 320-46.
- 'From Germ Theory to Social Medicine. Public Health 1880-1930', in Deborah Brunton (ed), Medicine Transformed. Health, Disease and Society in Europe, 1800-1930 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004), pp. 257-283.
- '"No Mere Murder Trial": The Discourse on Human Experiments at the Nuremberg Medical Trial', in V. Roelcke and G. Maio (eds), Twentieth Century Ethics of Human Subjects Research (Stuttgart: Steiner, 2004), pp.167-180.
- “Internationalism and Public Health”, “Public and Private Patronage of Biological and Medical Research”, (Enciclopedia Italiana, in press), vol. 8 Sez. Biomedicina, 833-837.
- “Code de Nuremberg”, “Nazisme et médecine”, “Typhus” in D. Lecourt and C. Sinding (eds), Dictionnaire de la pensée médicale (Paris: puf, 2004), pp. 263-66, 782-5, 1170-5.
- ‘Gebrochene Lebenswege. Erfahrungen medizinischer Flüchtinge in Grossbritannien und weiteren Ländern”, Albrecht Scholtz and Caris-Petra Heidel (eds) Emigrantenschicksale. Einfluss der jüdischen Emigranten auf Sozialpolitik und Wissenschaft in den Aufnahmeländern. Medizin und Judentum vol. 7 (Frankfurt am Main: Mabuse, 2004), pp. 9-18.
- BBC Television: See Hear! Consultant and contributor to 'The Aryan Race: eradicating the inferior', 6 and 9 March 2004.
- ‘Kenneth Mellanby’ in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004).
2003
- 'Le Code de Nuremberg, Andrew Conway Ivy et les crimes de guerre médicaux nazis', in C. Bonah, E. Lepicard, V. Roelcke (eds), La médicine expérimentale au tribunal (Paris: CPI, 2003), pp. 185-214.
- 'Alexander Mitscherlich und die deutsche medizinische Kommission beim Nürnberger Ärzteprozess', in Woelck, Sparing, Bayer, Esch (eds), Nach der Diktatur (Düsseldorf, Klartext, 2003), pp. 69-85.
- 'Genetik und Menschenversuche in Deutschland 1940-1960. Hans Nachtsheim, die Kaninchen von Dahlem und die Kinder vom Bullenhuser Damm', in Hans-Walter Schmuhl (ed.), Rassenforschung an Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituten vor und nach 1933 (Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2003), pp. 245-274.
- 'Modernising Eugenics. The Role of Foundations in International Population Studies', In: Giuliana Gemelli and Roy MacLeod (eds), American Foundations in Europe. Grant-Giving Policies, Cultural Diplomacy and Trans-Atlantic Relations, 1920-1980 (Brussels: Peter Lang, 2003), pp. 167-180.[= as in Minerva, 2002]
- '"Mustergau" Thüringen. Rassenhygiene zwischen Ideologie und Machtpolitik', in: Uwe Hossfeld et al. (ed.), 'Kämpferische Wissenschaft'. Studien zur Universität Jena im Nationalsozialismus (Vienna: Böhlau, 2003), pp. 1013-1026. [revised and updated version of 1991 paper]
- 'The Nazi Movement and Eugenics', Encyclopedia of the Human Genome (London: Nature Publishing Group, 2003)
- Radio 4, BBC Wales: contributor to Nazi Blood.
2002
- 'Modernising Eugenics. The Role of Foundations in International Population Studies', Minerva (2002), 167-179.
- Foreword to Gabrielle Moser, Sozialhygiene und öffentliches Gesundheitswesen in der Weimarer Republik und der frühen SBZ/DDR (Frankfurt am Main: VAS, 2002), 7-9.'The Medical Publisher J.F. Lehmann and Racial Hygiene', in Sigrid Stöckel (ed), Die "rechte" Nation und ihr Verleger. Politik und Popularisierung im J.F. Lehmanns Verlag 1890-1979 (Berlin: Lehmanns Media, 2002), pp. 159-170.'Dehumanising Medicine', in R. vom Bruch and Brigitte Kaderas (eds),Wissenschaften und Wissenschaftspolitik (Stuttgart: Steiner, 2002), pp. 288-290.
- 'The Divisions in Weimar Medicine: German Public Health and the League of Nations Health Organization', in Sigrid Stöckel and Ulla Walter (eds), Prävention im 20. Jahrhundert (Weinheim: Juventa, 2002), pp. 110-121.
- 'The Ethical Legacy of Nazi Medical War Crimes: Human Experiments and International Justice', in Justine Burley and John Harris (eds), A Companion to Genethics (Oxford: Blackwell, 2002), 53-69.
- 'Die Rolle der Opfer und der ärztlichen Untersucher bei der Formulierung des Nürnberger Kodex', in Stephan Kolb et al. (ed), Medizin und Gewissen, wenn Würde ein Wert würde… (Frankfurt am Main: Mabuse Verlag, 2002), pp. 42-53.
- 'Frauen aus medizinischen Berufen als Flüchtlinge in Großbritannien während der 1930er und 1940er Jahre', in Ulrike Lindner und Merith Niehuss (eds), Ärztinnen – Patientinnen. Frauen im deutschen und britishen Gesundheitswesen des 20. Jahrhunderts (Cologne: Böhlau, 2002), pp. 111-127.
- '"Out of the Ghetto": The Rockefeller Foundation Confronts German Medical Sciences after the Second World War', in William H. Schneider (ed), The Rockefeller Foundation and Biomedicine: International Achievements and Frustrations from World War I to the Cold War (Indiana University Press, 2002), pp. 208-222.
- 'Les racines françaises du code de Nuremberg', La recherche, no. 7 (avril, 2002), 105-107.
2001
- 'Physicians as Migrants: Sickness and the Forced Migration of Medical Refugees from Germany 1933-1945', in Peter Marschalck and Karl Heinz Wiedl (eds), Migration und Krankheit (Osnabrück: Rasch, 2001), = IMIS-Schriften 10, pp. 55-64.
- 'Zur Vorgeschichte des Nürnberger Ärzteprozesses', in Angelika Ebbinghaus and Klaus Dörner (eds), Vernichten und Heilen. Der Nürnberger Ärzteprozess und seine Folgen (Berlin: Aufbau-Verlag, 2001), pp. 26-47. (Paperback edn 2002)'Die Internationale Wissenschaftskommission zur Erforschung medizinischer Kriegsverbrechen', Vernichten und Heilen (2001) 439-451.
- 'Genocide', in Colin Blakemore and Sheila Jennett (eds), Oxford Companion to the Body (Oxford: OUP, 2001), pp. 315.'Gerechtigkeit aus der Perspektive der Medizingeschichte: “Euthanasie” im Nürnberger Ärzteprozess', in Andreas Frewer and Josef Neumann (eds), Medizingeschichte und Medizinethik. Kontroversen und Begründungsansätze 1900-1950 (Frankfurt: Campus, 2001), pp. 311-333.
- 'Auf der Spur von Medizinverbrechen: Keith Mant (1919-200) und sein Debut als forensischer Pathologe', 1999. Zeitschrift f. Sozialgeschichte des 20. Und 21. Jahrhunderts, vol. 16 (2001) 129-139.
- 'The Selection of Defendants and Witnesses at the Nuremberg Medical Trial', in T. Ruzicka et al. (eds), Mensch und Medizin in Totalitären und Demokratischen Systemen (Essen: Klartext, 2001), pp. 93-100.
- 'Austrian Medical Refugees in Great Britain 1938-1945', in Sonia Horn and Peter Malina (eds), Medizin im Nationalsozialismus – Wege der Aufarbeitung (Vienna: OAK Verlag, 2001), pp. 289-92.
- 'What Did the Allies Know about Criminal Human Experiments in the War and its Immediate Aftermath?', in Astrid Ley (ed.), Menschenversuche (Erlangen Museum:2001), pp. 52-66.
- 'The Scientist as Survivor: Ludwik Fleck and the Holocaust', La Lettre de la Maison Française d’Oxford, no. 13 (2001), 85-96.
- 'Emil von Behring', 'Paul Ehrlich', in Arne Hessenbruch (ed.), Reader’s Guide to the History of Science (London: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2001), pp. 71-73, 197-198.‘The Origins of Informed Consent: The International Commission for the Investigation of Medical War Crimes, and the Nuremberg Code’, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 75 (2001), 37-71.
2000
- 'An Overloaded Ark? The Rockefeller Foundation and Refugee Medical Scientists, 1933-1945', Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biology and Biomedical Science, 31 (2000), 477-489.
- 'From International to Zonal Trials: the Origins of the Nuremberg Medical Trial', Holocaust and Genocide Studies,14 (2000), 367-89.
- '"Tales from Nuremberg": the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology and Allied Medical War Crimes Policy’, in Doris Kaufmann (ed.), Geschichte der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft im Nationalsozialismus. Bestandsaufnahme und Perspektiven der Forschung, 2 Bde., (Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2000), pp. 621-38.
- 'European Health between the Wars', in R. Cooter and J. Pickstone (eds), Medicine in the Twentieth Century (Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000), pp. 39-50.
- “La Fundación Rockefeller y el organismo de salud de la Sociedad de Naciones. Algunas conexiones españolas” in: Rev. Esp. Salud Pública, vol. 74 (2000), (special issue): pp. 15-26.
1999
- “Biologische Ansichten vom Jahr 2000”, Der Neue Mensch. Obsessionen des 20. Jahrhunderts. Katalog zur Austellung im Deutschen Hygiene-Museum Dresden (Dresden: Cantz, 1999), pp. 69-80.
- “Biologische Ansichten vom Jahr 2000”, Der Neue Mensch. Obsessionen des 20. Jahrhunderts. Katalog zur Austellung im Deutschen Hygiene-Museum Dresden (Dresden: Cantz, 1999), pp. 69-80.
- ‘International Eugenics: Swedish Sterilisation in Context’, Scandinavian Journal of History, vol. 24 (1999) 179-97.
- ‘From Moral Exhortation to Socialised Primary Care: the New Public Health and the Healthy Life, 1918-45’, E. Ocana and T. Ortiz (eds), The Healthy Life (Granada, 1999), 2-7. Extended and revised version in: E. Rodriguez Ocana (ed.), The Politics of the Healthy Life: an International Perspective (Sheffield: European Association for the History of Medicine and Health, 2002), pp. 113-130.
- ‘Jews in the Medical Profession in Britain and Germany: Problems of Comparison’, Michael Brenner, Rainer Liedtke and David Rechter (eds), Two Nations: British and German Jews in Comparative Perspective (Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen des Leo Baeck Instituts 60) (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1999), 393-406.
- "Medical Refugees and the Renaissance of Medical History in Great Britain, 1930s - 60s", Wolfgang Eckart (ed.), Medizinhistoriographie in der Neuzeit (Paffenweiler: Centaurus, 1999), pp. 139-51.
- "Typhus and Scientific Racism: A Social Constructionist Approach", W. Ernst and B. Harris, Race and Modern Medicine (London: Routledge, 1999), 218-234.
1998
- ‘Eugenics and Medical War Crimes after 1945’, University of Tartu Historical Museum. Annual Report (1998) 86-99.
- "Dissecting German Social Darwinism: Historicizing the Biology of the Organic State", Science in Context, vol. 11 (1998) 619-637 (special issue on eugenics, eds. R. Falk and D. Paul).
- “Editorial. The Winds of Change”, Social History of Medicine, vol. 11 (1998), 357-60.
- "Journals for the History of Science and Medicine in Great Britain", Nuncius (1998), 145-152.
- "Ernst Haeckel and Monism", Routledge Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, (1998).
- (with E. Ernst) "The Nuremberg Medical Trial: Have We Learned the Lessons?", Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, vol. 131 (1998) 130-135.
- "Austrian Medical Refugees in Great Britain: from Marginal Aliens to Established Professionals", Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, vol. 110 (1998) 158-61.
- "Biology", "Biochemistry", "Theodor Boveri", "Friedrich Sauerbruch", "Otto Warburg" in : J. Doerr (ed.). Dictionary of German History (New York: Garland , 1998).
1997
- "Die deutsche Wahrnehmung des Fleckfiebers als Drohung aus dem Osten im 1. und 2. Weltkrieg", Medizingeschichte und Gesellschaftskritik. Festschrift für Gerhard Baader (Husum: Matthiesen Verlag, 1997), pp. 324-339.
- "Purity and Epidemic Danger in German-occupied Poland during the First World War", Paedagogica Historica, vol. 33 (1997) 825-32.
- "Conceptualising Biology. The Contribution of Herbert Spencer", La Lettre de la Maison française d'Oxford, no. 7 (1997) 84-90.
- "Philanthropy and World Health: the Rockefeller Foundation and the League of Nations Health Organisation", Minerva, vol. 35 (1997) 269-81 (Special issue edited by K.W. Rose, D. Shute, and D. Stapleton on philanthropy and institution-building in the twentieth century).
- "Biological Tests and Clinical Trials: International Verdicts on the Nuremberg Medical Trial", La Lettre de la Maison française d'Oxford, no. 6 (1997) 114-123.
- "Purity and Epidemic Danger in German Occupied Poland during the First World War", Paedagogica Historica, ns vol. 33 (1997) 825-32.
- "Human Guinea Pigs and the Ethics of Experimentation: the BMJ's Correspondent at the Nuremberg Medical Trial", British Medical Journal, vol. 313 (1996) 1467-1470. Revised version in: Len Doyal and Jeffrey S. Tobias (eds) Informed Consent in Medical Research, London: BMJ Books, 2001, pp. 15-19. French version (transl. F. Eytan), "Les cobayes humains et l'éthique de l'experimentation: le correspondant de BMJ au procès des médecins á Nuremberg', JAMIF, no. 459 (1997) 36.
1996
- " 'Victory with Vaccines', The Problem of Typhus Vaccines during the Second World War", S.A. Plotkin and B. Fantini (eds), Vaccina, Vaccination, Vaccinology, Jenner, Pasteur and their Successors, Paris: Publications Elsevier, 1996, pp. 341-347. Extended French-language version: "La 'victoire par les vaccins': les vaccins contre le typhus pendant la Seconde Guerre Mondiale", A-M Moulin. (ed.), L'Aventure de la Vaccination, Paris: Fayard, 1996, pp. 229-247.
- "Ärzte als Richter: Internationale Reaktionen auf die Medizinverbrechen des Nürnberger Ärzteprozesses in den Jahren 1946-1947", C. Wiesemann and A. Frewer (eds), Medizin und Ethik im Zeichen von Auschwitz. 50 Jahre Nürnberger Ärzteprozess, (Erlanger Studien zur Ethik in der Medizin) Erlangen and Jena: Palm und Enke, 1996, pp. 31-44.
- "Die Entwicklung der Inneren Medizin im 19. Jahrhundert und ihre Auswirkungen auf Organisation und Funktion des Krankenhauses - am Beispiel der Kinderkrankenhäuser und der Serumtherapie in Paris, London und Berlin", A. Labisch and R. Spree (eds), "Einen jedem Kranken in einem Hospitale sein eigenes Bett". Zur Sozialgeschichte des Allgemeinen Krankenhauses in Deutschland im 19. Jahrhundert, Frankfurt a.M.: Campus, 1996, pp. 167-183.
- "The First World War and the Campaigns against Lice: Comparing British and German Sanitary Measures", W.U. Eckart and C. Gradmann (eds), Die Medizin und der Erste Weltkrieg, Pfaffenweiler: Centaurus, 1996, pp. 227-240.
- "Introduction: Constructing International Health between the Wars", Weindling (ed), International Health Organisations, pp. 1-16.
- "Understanding Nazi Racism: Precursors and Perpetrators", M. Burleigh (ed.), Confronting the Nazi Past. New Debates on Modern German History, London: Collins and Brown, History Today Books, 1996, pp. 66-83.
- "The Impact of German Medical Scientists on British Medicine: a Case-study of Oxford", M. Ash, W. Mattern and A. Söllner (eds), Forced Migration and Scientific Change: Emigré German-speaking Scientists and Scholars after 1933, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp.87-114. Abbreviated as "An Oxford Class List", Oxford Magazine, no. 95 (1993) 2-8.
- “Human Experiments in Nazi Germany: Reflections on Ernst Klee, Auschwitz. Die NS-Medizin und ihre Opfer and Ärzte ohne Gewissen (1996)”, Medizinhistorisches Journal, vol. 33 (1998) 161-178.
1995
- "Social Medicine at the League of Nations Health Organisation and International Labour Office Compared', Weindling (ed), International Health Organisations, pp. 134-153.
- "The Role of International Organisations in Setting Nutritional Standards in the 1920s and 30s", A. Kamminga and A. Cunningham (eds), The Science and Culture of Nutrition, The Wellcome Institute Series in the History of Medicine, Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1995, pp. 319-332.
- "Between Bacteriology and Virology: the Development of Typhus Vaccines between the First and Second World Wars", History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, vol. 17 (1995) 237-246.
- (with Larry Stewart) "Philosophical Threads: Natural Philosophy and Public Experiment among the Weavers of Spitalfields, British Journal for the History of Science, vol. 28 (1995) 1-26.
- "A Transfusion of Medical Expertise: Medical Refugees in Britain, 1930-1950", The Wellcome Trust Review, vol. 4 (1995), 43-47.
- "The League of Nations and Medical Communication between the First and Second World Wars", P. Corsi and R. Chartier (eds), Sciences et Langues en Europe, Paris: Centre Alexandre Koyré, 1996, pp. 209-220.
- "Die medizinischen Wissenschaften und die Gewerbekrankheiten. Die Sektion für betrieblichen Gesundheitsschutz in der internationalen Arbeitsorganisation', P. Sarasin and J. Tanner (eds), Physiologie und industrielle Gesellschaft. Studien zur Verwissenschaftlichung des Körpers im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp, pp. 398-418.
- "Rainer Fetscher", "Johannes Fibiger", "Carl Gegenbaur", "Ernst Haeckel", "Magnus Hirschfeld", "Émile Roux", "Wilhelm Roux", "August Weismann", "Heinz Zeiss", in: W.U. Eckart and C. Gradmann (eds), Ärztelexikon - Von der Antike bis zum zwanzigsten Jahrhundert, Munich: C.H. Beck, 1995, pp. 131, 132, 154, 167-8, 190, 311-2, 375, 389-90. 2 edn Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2001.
1994
- "The Uses and Abuses of Biological Technologies: a Study of Zyklon B and Gas Disinfestation between the First World War and the Holocaust", History and Technology, vol. 11 (1994) 291-298.
- "Die weltanschaulichen Hintergründe der Fleckfieberbekämpfung im Zweiten Weltkrieg", C. Meinel and P. Voswinckel (eds), Medizin, Naturwissenschaft, Technik und Nationalsozialismus - Kontinuitäten und Diskontinuitäten, Stuttgart: Verlag für die Geschichte der Medizin, Naturwissenschaft und der Technik, 1994, pp. 129-135.
- "Public Health in Germany", D. Porter (ed.), The History of Public Health and the Modern State, The Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1994, pp. 119-131.
- "Sexually Transmitted Diseases between Imperial and Nazi Germany", Genitourinary Medicine, vol. 69 (1994) 284-289.
- "From Sentiment to Science: Children's Organisations between the First and Second World Wars", Disasters. The Journal of Disaster Studies and Management, vol. 18 (1994) 203-221 (= Children and Childhood in Emergency Policy and Practice 1919-1994. A Special Issue to Mark the 75th Anniversary of the Save the Children (U.K.).
1993
- (with Margaret Pelling and Mark Harrison) "The Industrial Revolution, 1750 to 1848", C. Webster (ed), Caring for Health: History and Diversity, Buckingham: Open University Press, 1993, pp. 38-62.. 3 revised edn 2001, pp. 61-96.
- (with Margaret Pelling, Virginia Berridge and Mark Harrison) "The Era of Public Health, 1848-1915", Webster (ed), Caring for Health: History and Diversity, pp. 63-86. 3 revised edn pp. 97-132.
- (with Virginia Berridge and Mark Harrison), "The Impact of War and Depression, 1918 to 1948", Webster (ed), Caring for Health: History and Diversity, pp. 87-106, 3 revised edn pp. 133-66.
- (with Anne Crowther) "Editorial", Social History of Medicine, vol. 6 (1993) 1-2.
- "The University's Contribution to the Life Sciences and Medicine", J. Prest (ed.), Illustrated History of Oxford University, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 269-300.
- "Science Policy in Imperial Germany [essay review]", Bulletin of the German Historical Institute London, vol.15 no.2 (1993), pp. 38-62.
- "The Immunological Tradition", W. Bynum and R. Porter (eds), Companion Encyclopaedia of the History of Medicine, London: Routledge, 1993, pp. 192-203.
- "The Politics of International Co-ordination to Combat Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1900 - 1980s", V. Berridge and P. Strong (eds), AIDS and Contemporary History, Cambridge Monographs in the History of Medicine, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. 93-107.
- (With Mathew Thomson), "Sterilisationspolitik in Grossbritannien und Deutschland", F-W. Kersting, K. Teppe, B. Walter (eds), Nach Hadamar: zum Verhältnis von Psychiatrie und Gesellschaft im 20. Jahrhundert, Paderborn: Schöningh, 1993 (Forschungen zur Regionalgeschichte 7), pp. 77.
- "Heinrich Zeiss, Hygiene and the Holocaust", D. and R. Porter (eds), Doctors, Politics and Society: Historical Essays, Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1993, pp. 174-187.
- "Das goldener Zeitalter des städtischer Gesundheitswesens? Gesundheitspolitik in Berlin und London der zwanziger Jahre", P. Alter (ed.), Im Banne der Metropolen. Berlin und London in den zwanziger Jahren, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1993, in association with the German Historical Institute London, pp. 174-187.
- "Medicine and the Holocaust. The Case of Typhus", I. Löwy (ed), Medicine and Change: Historical and Sociological Studies of Medical Innovation, Montrouge: J. Libbey, 1993, pp. 447-464.
- "Asbestose als Ergebnis institutioneller Entschädigung und Steuerung", D. Milles (ed), Gesundheitsrisiken und soziale Sicherungen in der Geschichte, Bremerhaven: Wirtschaftsverlag NW, 1993, pp. 351-362.
1992
- "Public Health and Political Stabilisation: Rockefeller Funding in Interwar Central/Eastern Europe", Minerva, vol. 31 (1993), pp. 253-267. Abbreviated as, "Rockefeller Funding of Public Health in Interwar Central Europe, Rockefeller Archive Center Newsletter, (Fall 1992), 1-5.
- "German-Soviet Medical Co-operation and the Institute for Racial Research, 1927 - ca.1935", German History, vol. 10 (1992) 177-206.
- Alfred Blaschko (1858-1922), Dermatology and Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Imperial and Weimar Germany: A Bibliography, Research Publication no. 10, Oxford: Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine, 1992.
- "Psychiatry and the Holocaust", Psychological Medicine, vol. 22 (1992) 1-3.
- "From Infectious to Chronic Diseases: Changing Patterns of Sickness in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries", A. Wear (ed.), The History of Medicine in Society, Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 303-316.
- "The Survival of Eugenics in Twentieth Century Germany", American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 52 (1992) 643-649.
- "Scientific Elites in fin de siècle Paris and Berlin: the Pasteur Institute and Robert Koch's Institute for Infectious Diseases Compared", A. Cunningham and P. Williams (eds), Laboratory Medicine in the Nineteenth Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 170-188.
- "Children's Hospitals and Diphtheria Wards in fin de siècle Paris, London and Berlin", R. Cooter (ed.), In the Name of the Child (= Studies in the Social History of Medicine vol.3), London and New York: Routledge, 1992, pp. 124-145.
- "From Medical Research to Clinical Practice: Serum Therapy for Diphtheria in the 1890s", J. Pickstone (ed.), Medical Innovations in Historical Perspective, London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992, pp. 72-83, 222-224.
1991
- "Degeneration und öffentliches Gesundheitswesen, 1900-1930: Wohnverhältnisse", J. Reulecke and A. Gräfin zu Castell-Rüdenhausen (eds), Stadt und Gesundheit 1900-1930. Zum Wandel von "Volksgesundheit" und kommunaler Gesundheitspolitik im 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert. 3. "Nassauer Gespräche" der Freiherr-vom-Stein-Gesellschaft, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1991, pp. 105-113.
- "The Modernization of Charity in Nineteenth-century France and Germany", C. Jones and J. Barry (eds), Medicine and Charity before the Welfare State (= Studies in the Social History of Medicine vol. 2), London and New York: Routledge, 1991, pp. 190-206, Paperback edn. 1994.
- "Medicine in Nazi Germany and its Aftermath", Bulletin of the History of Medicine, vol. 65 (1991) 416-419.
- "The Contribution of Central European Jews to Medical Science and Practice in Britain, 1930-1960", W.E. Mosse (ed.), Second Chance. The History of the German-speaking Jews in the United Kingdom, Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1991, pp. 243-254.
- "The Kaiser Wilhelm/ Max-Planck-Gesellschaft" [essay review], German Historical Institute London. Bulletin, vol. 13 no. 2 (1991) 27-32.
- "German History of Medicine Journals", Isis, vol. 82 (1991), pp. 309-311.
- "Émile Roux et la Diphtérie", M. Morange (ed.), L'Histoire de l'Institut Pasteur, Paris: Éditions la Découverte, 1991, pp. 137-43.
- " 'Mustergau' Thüringen. Rassenhygiene zwischen Ideologie und Machtpolitik", N. Frei (ed.), Medizin und Gesundheitspolitik in der NS-Zeit = Schriftenreihe der Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte Sondernummer, Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag in asssociation with Institut für Zeitgeschichte, 1991, pp. 81-97.
1990
- "Les biologistes de l'Allemagne nazie: Idéologues ou technocrates?", J-L. Fischer and W. Schneider (eds), Histoire de la Génétique. Pratiques, Techniques et Théories, Paris: ARPEM & Editions Sciences en situation, 1990, pp. 127-152.
- "Emil Adolf von Behring", "Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger", "Julius Wagner-Jauregg", D.M. Fox, M. Meldrum and I. Rezak (eds), Nobel Laureates in Medicine or Physiology. A Biographical Dictionary, New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1990, pp. 30-34, 177-181, 545-548.
- "Bourgeois Values, Doctors and the State: the Professionalization of Medicine in Germany 1848-1933", D. Blackbourne and R.J. Evans (eds), The German Bourgeoisie. Essays on the Social History of the German Middle Class from the Late Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Century, London and New York: Routledge, 1990, pp. 198-223, Paperback edn. 1993.
- "Eugenics and the Welfare State during the Weimar Republic", W.R. Lee and E. Rosenhaft (eds), The State and Social Change in Germany 1880-1960, Oxford: Berg Publishers, 1990, pp. 131-160, Paperback edn. 1994. Second revised edn. as State, Social Policy and Social Change in Germany 1880-1994, 1997, pp. 134-163.
1989
- "Hygienepolitik als sozialintegrative Strategie im späten Deutschen Kaiserreich", A. Labisch and R. Spree (eds), Medizinische Deutungsmacht im sozialen Wandel des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts, Bonn: Psychiatrie Verlag, 1989, pp. 37-56.
- "The Sonderweg of German Eugenics: Nationalism and Scientific Internationalism", British Journal for the History of Science, vol. 22 (1989), 321-333.
- "Ernst Haeckel, Darwinismus and the Secularization of Nature", J.R. Moore (ed.), History, Humanity and Evolution: Perspectives in the History of Evolutionary Naturalism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, pp. 311-327.
- "Journals and Societies", M. Shortland and A. Warwick (eds), Teaching the History of Science, Oxford: Blackwell, 1989, pp. 210-216.
- "Population Policies under Fascism: Germany, Italy and Spain Compared", M.S. Teitelbaum and J. Winter (eds), Population, and Resources in Western Intellectual Traditions, Cambridge University Press, 1989; also in Population and Development Review, vol. 14, Supplement (1988), pp. 102-121.
1988
- "Foreword", to R. Spree, Health and Social Class in Imperial Germany, Oxford: Berg Publishers, 1988, pp. 1-4.
- "The Medical Profession, Social Hygiene and the Birth Rate in Germany 1914-1918", J. Winter and R. Wall (eds), The Upheaval of War: Family, Work and Welfare in Europe 1914-1918, Cambridge University Press, 1988, pp. 417-437; paperback edn 2005.
- "Die Anfänge der Eugenik", Medizin im Nationalsozialismus, Kolloquien des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte, München: Oldenbourg Verlag, 1988, pp. 28-33.
- "The Rockefeller Foundation and German Biomedical Science, 1920-40: from Educational Philanthropy to International Science Policy", N. Rupke (ed.), Science, Politics and the Public Good. Essays in Honour of Margaret Gowing, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1988, pp. 119-140. Reprinted: G. Gemelli, J-F Picard, W.H. Schneider, Managing Medical Research in Europe. The Role of the Rockefeller Foundation (1920s-1950s), Bologna: CLUEB, 1999, 117-136.
1987
- "Patients and Practitioners: Virtues and Vices of the New Social History of Medicine [essay review]", History Workshop Journal, no. 24 (1987), 191-194.
- "Medical Practice in Imperial Berlin: the Case Book of Alfred Grotjahn", Bulletin of the History of Medicine, vol. 61 (1987) 391-410.
- "Compulsory Sterilisation in National Socialist Germany", German History, no. 5 (1987) 10-24.
- "Die Verbreitung rassenhygienischen/eugenischen Gedankengutes in bürgerlichen und sozialistischen Kreisen in der Weimarer Republik", Medizinhistorisches Journal, vol. 22, no. 4 (1987), pp. 352-368.
- "Between Kultur and Scientific Expertise; Friedrich Althoff and Medical Education in Imperial Germany", Bulletin of the Society for the Social History of Medicine, no. 41 (1987) 46-50.
1986
- "German-Soviet Co-operation in Science: the Case of the Laboratory for Racial Research, 1931-1938", Nuncius. Annali di Storia Scienze, vol. 1 (1986) 103-109.
- "Linking Self-Help and Medical Science: The Social History of Occupational Health", Weindling (ed.), The Social History of Occupational Health, pp. 2-31.
- "Medicine and Modernisation: the Social History of German Health and Medicine", History of Science, vol. 24 (1986) 277-301.
- "The Social History of German Health and Medicine. Conference Report", German History, no. 3 (1986) 31-37.
- (With T. Horder), "Hans Spemann and the Organiser", in T. Horder, J. Witkowski and C. Wylie (eds), History of Embryology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986, pp. 183-241.
1985
- "Blood, Race and Politics", The Times Higher Education Supplement (19.7.1985), p. 13.
- "Weimar Eugenics in Social Context; the Founding of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics", Annals of Science, vol. 42 (1985) 303-318.
- From Bacteriology to Social Hygiene: Handlist of the Papers of Martin Hahn (1865-1934), Research Publication no. 5, Oxford: Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine, 1985.
- (With Pietro Corsi), "Darwinism in Germany, France and Italy", in D. Kohn (ed.), The Darwinian Heritage (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985), pp. 683-732.
1984
- "Soziale Hygiene, Eugenik und medizinische Praxis: Der Fall Alfred Grotjahn", Das Argument. Jahrbuch für kritische Medizin, (1984) 6-20.
- "Nazi Medicine", German History, no. 1 (1984) 41-44.
- "Darwinism and the Origin of Psychoanalysis" [essay review], British Journal for the History of Science, vol. 17 (1984) 64-67.
- "Piu evoluzionista di Darwin", Kos, vol. 1 (1984) 93-110.
- "Was Social Medicine Revolutionary? Virchow on Famine and Typhus in 1848", Bulletin of the Society for the Social History of Medicine, no. 34 (1984) 13-18.
1983
- "Robert Philip und die Anfänge der Tuberculose Fürsorgestellen", W. Kaiser and H. Huebner (eds), Robert Koch 1843-1910, Halle, 1983, pp. 243-250.
- "Shattered Alternatives in Medicine" [essay review on Weimar health and welfare], History Workshop Journal, no. 16 (1983) 152-157.
- (With A. Labisch and R. Spree), "Social History of Nineteenth and Twentieth-century German Medicine", Bulletin of the Society for the Social History of Medicine, no. 32 (1983) 40-45.
- "The British Mineralogical Society, 1799 - c. 1806. A Case Study in Science and Social Improvement", I. Inkster and J.B. Morrell (eds), Metropolis and Province. Science in British Culture 1750-1850 (London: Hutchinson, 1983), pp. 120-150.
- "Die Preussische Medizinalverwaltung und die 'Rassenhygiene'", A. Thom and H. Spaar (eds), Medizin und Faschismus, Berlin: Akademie für ärztliche Fortbildung, 1983, pp. 23-35. New edn. Berlin: Verlag Volk und Gesundheit, 1985, pp. 48-56. Extended version as : "Die Preussische Medizinalverwaltung und die 'Rassenhygiene'. Anmerkungen zur Gesundheitspolitik der Jahre 1905-1933", Zeitschrift für Sozialreform, vol. 30 (1984) 675-687.
- "Research Methods and Sources", in Corsi and Weindling (eds), Information Sources for the History of Science and Medicine, pp. 173-194.
- "Periodical Literature and Societies", in Information Sources (as above), pp. 157-172, 501-508.
1982
- "Cell Biology and Darwinism in Imperial Germany: The Contribution of Oscar Hertwig (1849-1922)", London University PhD, 1982.
- "A Platinum Gift to George III. A Gesture by William Hasledine Pepys, Cutler and Instrument Maker", Platinum Metals Review, vol. 26 (1982) 34-37.
- "Die Entwicklung der Geschichte der Medizin in Grossbritannien", A. Voelcker and B. Thaler (eds), Die Entwicklung des Medizinhistorischen Unterrichts, Halle, 1982, pp. 172-177.
1981
- "Oscar Hertwig und die Physiologie", W. Kaiser and H. Huebner (eds), Hallesche Physiologie im Werden, Halle, 1981, pp. 144-148.
- "Theories of the Cell State in Imperial Germany", C. Webster (ed.), Biology, Medicine and Society 1840-1940, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for Past and Present Publications, 1981, pp. 99-155.
1980
- "Science and Sedition: How Effective were the Acts Licensing Lectures and Meetings, 1795-1819?", British Journal for the History of Science, vol. 13 (1980) 139-153.
- "Social Concepts in Anatomy: Theories of the Cell State of Oscar Hertwig (1849-1922) and Wilhelm Waldeyer (1836-1921)", Bulletin of the Society for the Social History of Medicine, no. 26 (1980) 15-17.
1979
- "The Spitalfields Soup Society", in 250th Anniversary of Christ Church, Spitalfields, London, 1979.
- "Geological Controversy and its Historiography: the Prehistory of the Geological Society of London", L.J. Jordanova and R.S. Porter (eds), Images of the Earth: Essays in the History of the Environmental Sciences, Chalfont St. Giles: British Society for the History of Science, 1979, pp. 248-271; 2 rev. edn, 1997, pp. 247-268.
Other
Reviews
Reviews have been published in:- American Historical Review, Annals of Science, British Journal for the History of Science, British Medical Journal, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Labour History, Canadian Jounal of History, Central European History, Dynamis, English Historical Review, German Historical Institute London. Bulletin, German History, Gesnerus, History, History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, History Workshop Journal, Isis, Journal for the History of the Behavioral Sciences, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Journal of Modern History, Journal of Social Policy, Medical History, Monumenta Nipponica, Nature, New Community, Nuncius, Social History of Medicine, Times Higher Educational Supplement, Tmes Literary Supplement, Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte.
Podcasts
Paul Weindling, Anna von Villiez, Aleksandra Loewenau (Oxford Brookes University), and Nichola Farron (Amsterdam) - ‘Researching Experiment Victims - Findings and Problems’ [36:15]. This paper was presented at the international symposium: 'Reassessing Nazi Human Experiments and Coerced Research, 1933-1945: New Findings, Interpretations and Problems', 4 - 7 July 2013, Wadham College, Oxford.
'The Biology of the Holocaust' [29:40]. A paper presented by Paul Weindling at the conference: 'Crafting Humans:From Genesis to Eugenics and Beyond', 8-10 September 2011, Queens College, Oxford.
Professional information
Conferences
- Organiser of an international symposium: 'Reassessing Nazi Human Experiments and Coerced Research, 1933-1945: New Findings, Interpretations and Problems' 4 - 7 July 2013, at Wadham College, Oxford.